Sociology midterm – Flashcards
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creation of culture that reflects social distinctions and power; a social creation. EX: whiteness is socially created
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Race
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a group that is set apart from others primarily b/c of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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Ethnic Group
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an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
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Symbolic ethnicity
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a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant/majority group have over theirs; about power, not size
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Minority Group
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can include skin color, facial features, hair textures, eye shape; physical characteristics
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Phenotype
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you can have both a race and ethnicity? T or F
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true
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when talking about race and ethnicity, we are talking about the person's ______
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identity
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a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed. EX. Native American Reservation System, we dont know them as their individual tribes
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racial formation
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if you had one drop of black black, then you would be considered black not white. must idenitfy as black even if just one of your great great great grandparents was black. this was during the 1800s because of slavery. no longer exists.
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one drop rule
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negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
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Prejudice
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a simplified picture we paint of an entire group. EX if you see a muslim, you automatically think terrorists
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stereotype
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belief that one race is supreme/others are inferior and power to exercise your interests. Prejudice + power
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racism
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use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo. assumes that everyone is equal but it's not true, whites just work harder than blacks
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color blind racism
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the denial of opportunities and equalrights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
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discrimination
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socially constructed groups by biology; explains racial issues as if they are biolgically based; ex. segregation
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naturalization
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segregation is an exmaple of who's theory?
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marx's class theory
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slaughter house reading. they separated the Latinos from the other workers and they worked separate in different jobs. Billy said "whites will watch out for whites" discrimination against groups when there is no need
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institutionalized discrimination
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process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. EX name changes, switching religions, dropping native language
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assimilation
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process through which 2 groups marry and form a new group
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Intermarriage
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physical separation of 2 groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; most blacks live in price hill and most whites live in other places
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Segregation
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pattern based on mutual respect for different cultures that allows a minority group to express its own culture without being judged. More of an idea that a reality. EX salad- each have its own component and work together nicely
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pluralism
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who was the first to study religion?
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Emile Durkheim
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elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect and even fear
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sacred
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the ordinary and commonplace
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profane
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sociologist are interested in what with religion?
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social impact of religion on individuals and institutions. not providing or disproving beliefs/ experiences
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religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion
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Ecclesia
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large, organized religion that is not oficially linked to the state or govt
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denomination
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relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the original version of fath
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sect
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small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith
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new religious movement or cult
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gender is socially constructed status. true or false
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true
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Sex is _____ and gender is ______
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biological and sociological
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expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
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gender roles
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prejudice and or discrimination based on a persons sex or gender
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sexism
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any arbitrary action initiated by an authoirty based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
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racial profiling
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the use of a church in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society
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liberation theology
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statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
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religious beliefs
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practices required or expected of members of a faith
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religious rituals
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the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion
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religious experience
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an emphasize on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship b/t one's family and other social institutions; male enacting instrument tasks
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instrumentality
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concern for the maintenacne of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family; taking care of how everyone is feeling- the females
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expressiveness
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system where men are dominant over women
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patriarchy
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belief in social, econmoic, and political equality for women. - gender wage gap
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feminism
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an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because if the individuals gender race or ethnicity
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glass ceiling
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advantage men receive in female dominated occupations
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glass escalator
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the cumulative impact of oppression because of race, gender, and class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, and age
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Matrix of domination
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the double burden- work outside the home followed by child care and housework- many women face and few men share equitably
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second shift
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a variety of male gender roles that men perform depending on their positions within a social hierarchy of power
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multiple masculinities
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traditional male gender roles, emphasizing heterosexuality and dominance over women; maintaining power over other men and women
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hegemonic masculinity
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fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
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homophobia
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describes men who benefit from hegemonic masculinity but dont enact it
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Patriarchal dividend/ complicit masculinity
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describes men who are oppressed by definitions of hegonomic masculinity (mostly homosexual men)
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subordinated masculinity
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describes men who may experience power as men, but not across race or class status; lower class, short men are marginalized by other men and even women
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marginalized masculinity
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has to bring in the money becuase of social norms of being a guy
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hegemonic
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emphasizes strength and pain - this physicalness is becoming normalized and how is society actually allowing this?
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Hartmann reading
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was a man and now a women writing about masculinity
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R.W Connell
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what are the 3 approaches to study prostitution?
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celebratory, oppression, variability
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prostitution is empowering, enjoyable, and lucrative work
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Celebratory model
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prostitution is an unqualified evil and is fundamentally exploitative
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oppression model
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prostitution varies across time, place, and sector; Weitzer supports this
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variability model
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requiring a worker to induce or suppress his/her feelings in order to sustain an outward expression that produces the desired state of mind in the customer; subjecting your emotions to keep the customers happy
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emotional labor
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- completed 20,000 sexual histories - focused on behavior to avoid discussions of morality and legitimate scientific study of sexuality - separated homosexual identity from homosexual acts
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Alfred Kinsey
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-sexual behavior was about shared social meanings -sexuality is socially constructed -sex can be impacted by non sexual motives -argued sexual behavior was generally normative and learned thourhg socialization
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John gagnon & William Simon
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the social and cultural blueprints by which we create and express what we typically experience as deeply personal and intimate
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sexual scripts
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the classification of individuals according to their preference for emotional-sexual relationships and lifestyle
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sexual orientation
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assumes that heterosexuality is the norm, encouraging discrimination in favor of heterosexuals and against homosexuals
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heterosexism
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C. Wright Mills THE PROMISE
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classic piece on the sociological imagination
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Donna Gaines TEENAGE WASTELAND: Suburbia's Dead - End Kids
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applying the sociological imagination to teen suicide
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Mary Romero AN INTERSECTION OF BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY: My Intellectua; Journey
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applying the sociological imagination to domestic service
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Michael Schwalbe FINDING OUT HOW THE SOCIAL WORLD WORKS
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a summary of what it means to be sociologically mindful
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Craig Haney, W. Curtis Banks, and Philip G. Zimbardo INTERPERSONAL DYNAMICS IN A SIMULATED PRISON
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classic piece on the research design of Zimbardo's famous experiment
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Mitchell Duneier SIDEWALK
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an ethnographic study of street vendors in New York City
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Barry Glassner THE CULTURE OF FEAR: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things
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one perspective of American culture
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Paula England and Reuben J. Thomas THE DECLINE OF THE DATE AND THE RISE OF THE COLLEGE HOOK UP
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an investigation into the dating culture on one college campus
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Sabeen Sandhu INSTANT KARMA: The Commercialization of Asian Indian Culture
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how culture and identity are transformed when commercialized; cultural explotation
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Haunani-Kay Trask LOVELY HULA HANDS: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture
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an examination of cultural commodification and exploitation
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Judith Lorber "NIGHT TO HIS DAY": The Social Construction of Gender
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the socialization of gender identity
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Betsy Lucal WHAT IT MEANS TO BE GENDERED ME: Life on the Boundaries of a Dichotomous Gender System
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one women's narrative of gender identity and performance
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Robert Granfield MAKING IT BY FAKING IT: Working-Class Students in an Elite Academic Environment
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working class identity and law school socialization
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Gwynne Dyer ANYBODY'S SON WILL DO
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resocialization into the total institution of the military; degradation ceremony
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Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler PEER POWER: Clique Dynamics among School Children
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a study of the structure and interactional dynamics among school children's groups
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Martín Sánchez Jankowski GANG BUSINESS: Making Ends Meet
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a functional analysis of a primary group
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Mark Colvin DESCENT INTO MADNESS: The New Mexico State Prison Riot
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an example of social structure breaking down
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David L. Rosenhan ON BEING SANE IN INSANE PLACES
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classic piece on labeling and social deviance
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Penelope A. McLorg and Diane E. Taub ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA: The Development of Deviant Identities
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the social construction of deviant identities; labeling (social reaction) theory
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Paul Draus and Robert G. Carlson DOWN ON MAIN STREET : Drugs and the Small-Town Vortex
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an ethnographic study of the social networks of illicit drug use in rural small towns
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A. Ayres Boswell and Joan Z. Spade FRATERNITIES AND COLLEGIATE RAPE CULTURE: Why Are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women?
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the social organization of crime
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Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore with a Response by Melvin Tumin SOME PRINCIPLES OF STRATIFICATION
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classic piece on the functions of social stratification; functionalist perspective
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G. William Domhoff WHO RULES AMERICA ?: The Corporate Community and the Upper Class
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the lifestyles and social institutions of the upper class; conflict perspective
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Thomas M. Shapiro THE HIDDEN COST OF BEING AFRICAN AMERICAN: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality
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an examination of social class and racial differences in wealth
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Barbara Ehrenreich NICKEL-AND-DIMED: On (Not) Getting By in America
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an exploration of the lives of the working poor; conflict perspective
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Barbara Risman GENDER AS STRUCTURE
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a review of 4 theories that explain sex and gender
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C. J. Pascoe "DUDE, YOU'RE A FAG?": Adolescent Male Homophobia
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an examination of masculinity and homophobia in high schools
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Amy Young et al. DRINKING LIKE A GUY: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women 314
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research on drinking and gender identity among college women
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Meika Loe WORKING AT BAZOOMS: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality 330
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an investigation of gender, sexuality, and power in the workplace; emotional labor
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Eduardo Bonilla-Silva "NEW RACISM," COLOR-BLIND RACISM, AND THE FUTURE OF WHITENESS IN AMERICA
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the persistence of whiteness and racial inequality in America; conflict perspective
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Charlie LeDuff AT A SLAUGHTERHOUSE, SOME THINGS NEVER DIE
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an examination of the racial dynamics at one workplace site; conflict perspective
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Katherin M. Flower Kim OUT OF SORTS: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children
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how race and racism influence adoption decisions
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Max Weber THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM
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classic piece on the influence of religion on the economy
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Steven P. Dandaneau RELIGION AND SOCIETY: Of Gods and Demons
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a sociological overview of the institution of religion
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Russell Shorto FAITH AT WORK
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how some Christians are bringing faith into the workplace
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Schaefer Chapter
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chapter excerpt describing major theoretical perspectives and classic sociological thinkers
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Howard Schuman SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT SURVEYS
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on survey research
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Patricia Adler & Peter Adler THE PROMISE AND PITFALLS OF GOING INTO THE FIELD
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on ethnographic research
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Robert Weiss IN THEIR OWN WORDS: MAKING THE MOST OF QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS
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on conducting in depth interviews
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Michael Lovaglia FROM SUMMER CAMPS TO GLASS CEILINGS: THE POWER OF EXPERIMENTS
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on conducting experiments; cause and effect; Hawthorne effect
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Bruce Western & Becky Petit INCARCERATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
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piece on mass incarceration & how it perpetuates inequality (inequality is invisible; inequality is cumulative; and inequality is intergenerational)
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edward Telles MEXICAN AMERICANS AND IMMIGRANT INCORPORATION
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multi-generational analysis of Mexican Americans & assimilation; functionalist perspective
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Min Zhou ARE ASIAN AMERICANS BECOMING ''WHITE?''
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piece on Asian Americans and "honorary whiteness"
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Janice M. Irvine SELLING VIAGRA
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piece on the marketing of Viagra and the connections between masculinity and heterosexuality
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Douglas Hartmann THE SANCTITY OF SUNDAY FOOTBALL: WHY MEN LOVE SPORTS
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piece on American football and how it reifies and maintains masculinity
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Ronald Weitzer
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piece on prostitution (sex work) and the three approaches to studying it (oppression model, celebratory model, and variability model)
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Michael Kimmel & Rebecca Plante SEXUALITIES
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discusses the history of the sociology of sexualities
