Reversing sail Chapter 1 and 3 – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Jazzlyn Howe
The study of African Americans different from other groups of African-descended persons is that the African diaspora is concerned with at least one of two issues which are
1) The ways in which preceding African cultural,social, or political forms influence African-descended persons in their new environment and how such forms change through interaction with non African cultures
2) interaction with non African cultures
Comparisons and relationships between communities of African-descended people who are geographically separated or culturally distinct
2) interaction with non African cultures
Comparisons and relationships between communities of African-descended people who are geographically separated or culturally distinct
Why is the diaspora a unified experience?
Africa is the land of origin
An experience of enslavement
The struggle of adapting to a new environment while preserving as much of the African cultural background as possible
The reification of color and race
A continuing struggle against discrimination
The ongoing significance of Africa to African-descended population
An experience of enslavement
The struggle of adapting to a new environment while preserving as much of the African cultural background as possible
The reification of color and race
A continuing struggle against discrimination
The ongoing significance of Africa to African-descended population
The African diaspora consists of the connections of people of African Descent around the world who are linked by their __________ as much as their ____________, if not more so
common experiences,genetic makeup
Antiquity means
Antiquity means the ancient past, especially before the middle ages.
The enslavement of black people, when placed in the context of thousands of years of history, is an _________
aberration
The notion of a ——– to either egypt and nubia and ethiopia resides in the cultural expression on the folk
connectedness
Africans were at the forefront of human ———–
civilization
African diaspora did not begin with the ———-
slave trade
ancient egypt was located
along the nile
anicent egypt was divided into
upper and lower regions
ancient egypt was poppin during
3500BC and 1700 BC
Egypt was a __________ _________ for trade
global crossroad
Race lacks________ or meanings; it is as a sociopolitical concept that race takes on decided importance and gravity
scientific value
Race lacks scientific value or meanings; it is as a ———- that race takes on decided importance and gravity
sociopolitical concept
Race lacks scientific value or meanings; it is as a sociopolitical concept that race takes on decided _____ and _________
importance and gravity
IF _____ existed in ancient egypt, it was of scant significance
race
Paintings depicted different ____ _______
Paintings depicted different skin tones
Males are typically painted _________ ________-_______
Males are typically painted dark reddish-brown
Females typically painted a ________ ___________ or _________
lighter brown or yellow
variation in painted skin colors was not meant to convey physical traits but________
social standing
In a painting, A woman portrayed as light brown suggest _________ and exemption from the need to _________
`privilege,work outdoors
Ancient Egyptians were highly _________
ethnocentric
Ancient Egyptians were highly ethnocentric
Regarded themselves as the people
Everyone else as ——–
Regarded themselves as the people
Everyone else as ——–
,uncivilized
Egyptians ethnocentric-ism had more to do with _______ of _____ and ___________ than outwards appearance
land of birth and culture
Bedouins
Arabia
“Asiatics”
from asia minor
Libyans
from the west
Nehesi
from the area south of Egypt
Nehesi meant what in Egyptian
( ” Borderland”) ( Egyptian name)
Nehesi became known as
Nubia and/or Kush
Egypt’s _______ periodically received infusions from Asia minor, Southern Europe, the Arabian peninsula, and Sub Saharan Africa
gene pool
What time period was the old and middle kindoms?
3400-2180 and 2080-1640 BC
What was happeneing in Egypt during the old and middle kindoms?
Egypt sought to militarily control Nubia and parts of Syria and Palestine.
what time period is the New Kingdom ?
( 1570-1090 BCE)
What was egypt doing during the new kingdom?
Egypt repeatedly invaded Palestine and Syria in its competition with Assyria and Babylon for control of the region
Africa was therefore a major ____ _______ in what would become the Middle East
foreign power
Egypt was very interested in ___ gold
Nubia
Egyptians Recruited ________ from the Egyptian army
Nubians
Egyptians referred to Nubia as ___-___ or the “Land of ________”
Ta-Seti ,Bow
Nubia was highly regard for its _________ prowess,Especially in ———
military, Archery
Some Nubians were laborers or even __________
enslaved
Exempting______, Egypt’s enslaved population was never very large
Hebrews
Slaves from _________ and _______ were often more numerous than Nubians or other Africans
Europe,Asia minor
Egypt relocated select Nubians to its capital at _______
Egypt relocated select Nubians to its capital at Thebes
Nubians were provided a formal, rare egyptian education at an institution called the ———
Kap
Nefertari was ______
nubian
Nefertari was ——- and ——- with native egyptians
Prestigious, popular
Ahmose I and Nefertari great granddaughter was ________ she ruled from _________
Hatshepsut, 1503-1482
Amenhotep iii married______
Tiye
Tiye was a _____ y/o _________
13 y/o, Nubian
Tiye was Renowned and emulated for her _______
beauty
Tiye was Well ___________ and a political force
educated
Amenhotep iii and Tiye’s seven children included sons ___________ and ___________
Amenhotep iV and Tutankhamen
Amenhotep changed his name to _________
Akhenaten
Aton means
solar symbol of supreme deity
Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaten
as a Part of his promotion of ________.
as a Part of his promotion of ________.
monotheism
Akhenaten ( formerly Amenhotep)’s wife was Nefertiti. She was a _________
Nubian
Nubia is located along
the nile
what did the inhabitants of Nubia call it>
Qevs
What are some of the various names for Nubia?
Nubia, Qevs, cush, Kush, Ta-Seti, Nehesy, Khent
None of nubia’s various names refer to ____________ _______
skin color
______ ______was not seen as a difference between Egyptians and Nubians
Skin color
Nubia was divided into lower and Upper regions
Lower: _______________________________________________________________
Upper: _______________________________________
Lower: _______________________________________________________________
Upper: _______________________________________
Bows, shields, manufacturing and raw materials,
Gold, semiprecious stones, leopard skins, and cattle
Gold, semiprecious stones, leopard skins, and cattle
The three major Nubian Kingdoms:
Kerma ( 1750-1550 BC)
Napata ( 750-300 BC)
Meroe (300 BCE- 300 CE)
Napata ( 750-300 BC)
Meroe (300 BCE- 300 CE)
The three major nubian kingdoms are named after
their capitals
Nubia was not a _________ or _________ of egypt. Nubia was __________ from egypt
copy , imitation, distinct
__________ was a Egyptian and Nubian convergence
Napata
Under________ leadership, the nubians freed themselves of Egyptian dominationThey even turned and conquered Egypt
Nakata’s
The_____ dynasty was a time of contestation between Egypt and Assyria for control for palestine
25th
________ invaded Egypt in 674 ( BC)
Assyria
Assyria invaded Egypt in _____
674 ( BC)
Why did assyria invade egypt in 674?
for palestine control
who won when assyria invaded egypt?
assyria was defeated
_______ years after assyria invaded egypt and was defeated, they were finally succesful. The drove the ________ south where they reestablished _______
3 , Nubians, Meroe
_________ and _______ ___________ allowed Meroe to flourish
Commerce, defensible terrain
What types of things did Meroe export?
Gold,cotton,precious stones,ostrich feathers,ivory, and elephants, Large quantities of iron
what were the elephants exported from Meroe used for?
Elephants used for war and amusement
Why was meroe such a unique civilization?
Large stone monuments
Meroitic : Its own writing system
Nubian women had major roles in gov
Meroitic : Its own writing system
Nubian women had major roles in gov
The women of what unique society appear in accounts connected with the bible?
The nubian women of meroe
The ancient mediterranean world was dominated by the __________, __________, and ________
greeks
Phoenicians
Romans
Phoenicians
Romans
Most Africans entered the Mediterranean from both ________ and _________
Egypt and Nubia
_______ _________were completely struck by the African’s color
Southern Europeans
Southern Europeans did not ascribe any_____ ________or worth to skin color
intrinsic value
The_______ invented the term Ethiopians
Greeks
What is the etymology of the word Ethiopians?
From Aethiops
Meaning “Burnt-face person”
Meaning “Burnt-face person”
European belief that the skin and hair of africans were cause by the _____
sun
” To wash and ethiopian white”
Who made this term?
what does it mean?
why is it significant?
Graeco-Roman
Meant to convey the futility of attempting to change the unalterable
Showed their familiarity with ethiopians blackness
Meant to convey the futility of attempting to change the unalterable
Showed their familiarity with ethiopians blackness
The term ethiopian was also used by the greeks to _______, __________, ___________ __________ __________ __________
Arabs, Indians and other dark people
____ _______ varied within africa just as it does today
Skin color
Ways the greek and romans identified people
dark :
dark :
Fuschia
Ways the greek and romans identified people
Very dark
Very dark
negerimi
Ways the greek and romans identified people
deeply black, pure ethiopian
who did this typically describe?
deeply black, pure ethiopian
who did this typically describe?
Ptolemy :
Population around meroe
Population around meroe
Ways the greek and romans identified people
in between nubian and egyptian complexion
in between nubian and egyptian complexion
Flavius Philostratus
Ways the greek and romans identified people
ostrich eaters
ostrich eaters
Struthophagi-
Ways the greek and romans identified people
nuts and tree fruit
nuts and tree fruit
Spermatophyta
Ways the greek and romans identified people
fish eaters
fish eaters
Ichthyophagi
Ways the greek and romans identified people
ate everything
ate everything
Pamphili
Egyptians and Nubians had established literate,urban-based,technologically advanced civilizations long before there was a ________ or _________
Rome or Athens
African achievement was________ and even_________.
praised, emulated
________speaks of the olympian gods feasting with the _________
Homer, ethiopians
_______ was distinguished from the “primitive” ethiopians who went about “filthy” or naked and did not believe in the gods
Meroe
Africans also entered___________ _______
Often for _______ either for or against Greeks and Romans
Often for _______ either for or against Greeks and Romans
southern europe , war
Africans______ in the Graeco-Roman world were only a small fraction of the total number of slave in mediterranean territories
enslaved
Enslaved africans only represented a portion of the africans living in _______ _________
southern europe
Egyptian and Nubian ___________ was deeply influential throughout the Mediterranean world for many centuries
religion
Egyptian and Nubian religion was deeply influential throughout the Mediterranean world for many centuries
Especially the worship of
Especially the worship of
——.
Isis
When was Muhammad born?
580 CE
where was muhammad born?
Mecca
Meccas was
an important marketplace and site of religious shrines
Muhammad was sensitive to disparities between the _______ and ________
rich and poor
He had a series of revelations beginning at ___ y/o
40
Encountering resistance and harassment, muhammad and his companions round asylum in ____________
Medina
When did muhammad die?
632
By his death in 632,
__________ ___________ was united under his control
__________ ___________ was united under his control
Arabian peninsula
656- islam had expanded to_________, _________,________,_______
Syria,Iraq,Egypt, and North Africa
_______- Muslim armies had conquered parts of the Iberian peninsula as well
711
Islam’s move into egypt (Misr) and North Africa ( Al- Maghrib al aqsa.. ” The far west”) was accompanied by the gradual_____________( the spread of Arabs and their language/culture) of the population
arabization
Muslim _______ and ________ led the region’s spread into regions south of the Sahara
traders ( merchants) ,clerics
Regularized trade between North and subsaharan Africa became possible with the ____________ ( ___st century)
camel, 1st
West africa became associated with______ early in the history of Islam
gold
Ghana became known as _______ ______ _____ ______
” the land of the gold”
Ghana, Kanem, and Gao ( west Africa) were introduced to the 19th century islamic world together are Bilad as-sudan ( or _____________________________)
” land of the blacks”
West african gold was exchanged primarily for ______
salt
Gold was transported to _________ then ________ then __________for spices and silks
North africa,egypt, india
What goods was gold traded for in india?
spices and silks
sometimes gold was sent Across the mediterranean for _____________ goods and currencies
european
Eventually Overshadowed Ghana
Mali
Mali was Populated by ________ ________ _________
southern Mande- speakers
Who put mali together and what year?
Emperor Sundiata in 1239
Whose travels and eyewitness accounts reinforced the image of mali as a land of wealth? and in what century?
Ibn Battuta, 14th century
What years did Mansa musa reign?
1312-1337
His pilgrimage to Mecca reinforced the image of mali as a land of wealth
Mansa Musa
Non muslim_________ _________held in contempt by muslim world
west Africa
A muslim was one_______________________________________________________
who practiced the religion
A muslim land was________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
one over which muslim rule had been established
Kanem and Bornu exports were primarily ____________
captives
Captives were SUPPOSED to be _____________________
non muslims
Developed a reputation as a slave raider
” The learned,just, courageous, and pious commander of the faithful”
” The learned,just, courageous, and pious commander of the faithful”
Mai Idris Alooma
The dhow
A type of ship
Far more efficient than camel
Far more efficient than camel
The dhow :
Sailed the indian ocean in ___ the time of saharan caravan crossing
⅓
The dhow :
Could carry_______________________________________________
Could carry_______________________________________________
1,000 camel loads
Seafaring was dominated more by ___________ and _______________than Africans
arabs and indians
what were the exports from china?
porcelain, cowry shells, glass beads, cotton ( indian and china)
The period of major trade in East Africa came to an abrupt halt with the arrival of________________________ and the portuguese in ________
Vasco da Gama,1498
Many ________ ________________________ entered the Islamic world as fellow believers,usually by traveling to the Middle East and North Africa to make the pilgrimage, to study, or teach.
sub saharan Africans
Captive from timbuktu to marrakesh in 1594
Imprisoned for two year and taught classes
Imprisoned for two year and taught classes
Ahmad Baba
West african scholar from futa Jallon ( modern Guinea)
Went to cairo and Medina
Studied and taught
Went to cairo and Medina
Studied and taught
Saleh al-Fulani
Quintessential hajj
1324
Thousands of soldiers,slaves, and officials
Such large quantities of gold that the value of gold in egypt temporarily depreciated
1324
Thousands of soldiers,slaves, and officials
Such large quantities of gold that the value of gold in egypt temporarily depreciated
Mali’s Mansa Musa
In contrast to those making the pilgrimage, other sub saharan Africans entered the Islamic world as _____
slaves
__________ were just as eligible as africans to be enslaved
Europeans
___________ and _____________were the largest source of slaves for the islamic world well into the 18th century
Slavic and caucasian
Race was not a factor until the _______ and __________ centuries when ____________ _____________ forced association between blackness and slavery
18th and 19th ,european expansion
Estimates for trans saharan, Red Sea, and indian ocean slave trades are in the range of ___ ______________from 650 BC to the end of the 16th cent
12 million
Slavery in_______ was already an accepted practice by the time muhammad was born
Arabia
The quran attempts to improve the ________ condition while also promoting _________
servile,manumission
Islam held that freedom was the ______________________________________________________________________________
natural condition of human beings
Sharia law:
Only those non muslims who were without a ____________________________________________________, who rejected the offer to convert to islam and were captured in war could be enslaved
Only those non muslims who were without a ____________________________________________________, who rejected the offer to convert to islam and were captured in war could be enslaved
protective pact with muslims
Slavery in the Islamic world was a ___________
business
Muslim slaveholders were to treat the enslaved with ____________ and _________
dignity and kindness
Slaves were given Arabic names
The slaves had a special category of____________________
The slaves had a special category of____________________
last names
The________________________________________ did not obligate the slaveholders to free their slaves
conversion to Islam
Trans Saharan, Red sea, and Indian ocean slave trades were primarily _______________________________________________________________
Women and children
Women and girls used as_____________ and _____________
domestics and concubines
Concubine preference
1st: ________________
Balkans and lands southwest of what was the Soviet union
2nd:___________________________________________
3rd: _________________________
1st: ________________
Balkans and lands southwest of what was the Soviet union
2nd:___________________________________________
3rd: _________________________
White Females, Ethiopians, Nubians, and others from the Horn of Africa,other african women
