Unit 7 Test – Flashcards

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Memory is best defined as
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the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
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The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
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essentially unlimited
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The process of encoding refers to
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getting information into memory
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The process of retrieval refers to
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getting information out of memory storage
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory is called
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long-term
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To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as
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working memory
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Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of
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encoding
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Automatic processing occurs without
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conscious awareness
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Effortful processing can occur only with
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conscious attention
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Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our
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echoic memory
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Our immediate short term memory for new material is limited to roughly _____ bits of information
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7
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Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?
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Ebbinghaus
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The tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than massed study is known as
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the spacing effect
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A mnemonic device is a
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memory aid
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Chunking refers to
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the organization of information into meaningful units
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Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
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chunking
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Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using
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a mnemonic device
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A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ____ processing
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...
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Semantic encoding refers to the processing of
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meanings
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Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the
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hippocampus
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a retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ___ memory
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implicit
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conscious memory of factual information is called
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explicit memory
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the increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
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long-term potentiation
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the tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is called
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serial position effect
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words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memories of the past are called
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retrieval cues
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memories are primed by
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retrieval cues
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the association of sadness with negative life events is attributed to
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mood-congruent memory
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the inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in
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encoding
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proactive interference refers to the
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disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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the finding that people who fall asleep after reading a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people stay awake is evidence that forgetting may involve
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....
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learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. this illustrates
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retroactive interference
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memory of your familiar old email password may block the recall of your new password. this illustrates
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proactive interference
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a type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is
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repression
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the patient known as "h.m" suffered from
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anterograde amnesia
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the inability to remember events from one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is called
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retrograde amnesia
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sigmund freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves
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repression
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phillippe has just completed medical school. reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all of his instructors except his fifth grade teacher who flunked him. according to freud, this illustrates
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repression
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deja vu refers to the
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eerie sense of having previously experienced a place or event
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the misinformation effect refers to
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incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of the event
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visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activates similar brain areas. this most clearly contributes to
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parallel processing
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compared to adults, children are more susceptible to
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....
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adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to
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repression
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stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be
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repressed
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repeating someone's name several times after meeting them is an effective way to practice
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rehearsal
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mentally recreating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate
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retrieval cues
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by taking text and class notes in your own words you are improving memory by
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encoding memory semantically
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in an effort to remember how to spell the word rhinocerous, samantha repeats it out loud 30 times. she is using a technique known as
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rehearsal
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when first introduced to someone, marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to herself several times. this is an example of
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rehearsal
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cognitive psychologists are most concerned with the concept of
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thinking
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when we use the word automobile to refer to a category of moving vehicles we're using
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concept
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when we use the word hispanic to refer to a category of people we use
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concept
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a best example of category of objects, events, or people
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prototype
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when someone mentions ivy league, trisha thinks of harvard. harvard is an example of
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prototype
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when someone mentions hamburgers trisha thinks of mcondalds. mcdonalds is an example of
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prototype
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intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of
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creativity
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simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called
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heuristic
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a sudden realization to the solution to a problem is an
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insight
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after two hours trying to solve a engineering problem, amira gives up. while trying to go to sleep she finally thinks of a solution. this is an example of
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insight
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unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve
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strategy-based solutions
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ashelle's car wouldn't start. she mentally goes through an alphabetical checklist of what could be wrong.her strategy best characterizes
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algorithm
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People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?
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confirmation bias
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The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called
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confirmation bias
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The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called
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a fixation
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Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
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the availability heuristic
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Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seat belts because carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of
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availability heuristic
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Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates
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overconfidence
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When Larina entered high school she was certain that she would never eat any of the junk food sold in the vending machines. By the end of tenth grade, however, Larina was munching on at least one bag of chips a day. Larina's experience best illustrates
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overconfidence
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After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of
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overconfidence
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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called
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belief perserverance
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People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is .000001. This best illustrates the importance of
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framing
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Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
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framing
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In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called
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intuitions
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Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates
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quick decisions
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Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute
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language
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The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
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phoneme
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The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called
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morphemes
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The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called
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grammar
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To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of
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syntax
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The earliest stage of speech development is called the ____ stage
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babbling
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At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ________ stage of language development
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one-word
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Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the
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two-word
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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.
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two-word
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Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?
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eat apple
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Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during
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childhood
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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that
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words shape the way people think
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