question

encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.

answer

Storage

question

formulated an early popular theory of memory that acknowledged the varying life span of memories

answer

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

question

states that memory storage involves three separate systems.

answer

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

question

The 3 separate systems of memory storage in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

answer

Sensory memory, Short-term memory, Long-term memory

question

WHICH SYSTEM OF MEMORY STORAGE ACCORDING TO THE Atkinson-Shiffrin theory :time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds

answer

Sensory memory

question

WHICH SYSTEM OF MEMORY STORAGE ACCORDING TO THE Atkinson-Shiffrin theory :time frames up to 30 seconds

answer

Short-term memory

question

WHICH SYSTEM OF MEMORY STORAGE ACCORDING TO THE Atkinson-Shiffrin theory :time frames up to a lifetime

answer

Long-term memory

question

ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN THEORY: Sensory input goes into _____. Through the process of _____, information moves into ______, where it remains for 30 seconds or less unless it is ____. When the information goes into _____storage, it can be _____over a lifetime.

answer

sensory memory; attention; short-term memory; rehearsed; long-term memory; retrieved

question

holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

answer

Sensory Memory

question

is very rich and detailed, but we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into shortterm or long-term memory.

answer

Sensory Memory

question

retains information from your senses, including a large portion of what you think you ignore. However, it does not retain the information very long.

answer

Sensory Memory

question

refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds.

answer

Echoic memory

question

refers to visual sensory memory, which is retained only for about ¼ of a second

answer

Iconic memory

question

_______is responsible for our ability to "write" in the air using a sparkler on the Fourth of July—the residual _______ is what makes a moving point of light appear to be a line.

answer

Visual sensory memory; iconic memory

question

The first scientific research on sensory memory focused on....

answer

Iconic memory

question

some information, especially that to which we pay attention, proceeds into .....

answer

short-term memory

question

is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.

answer

short-term memory

question

Compared with sensory memory, which type of memory is limited in capacity, but it can store information for a longer time?

answer

short-term memory

question

examined the limited capacity of short-term memory in the classic paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two." HE pointed out that on many tasks individuals are limited in how much information they can keep track of without external aids

answer

George Miller

question

Two ways to improve short-term memory are....

answer

chunking and rehearsal

question

involves grouping or "packing" information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

answer

Chunking

question

works by making large amounts of information more manageable

answer

Chunking

question

the conscious repetition of information

answer

rehearsal

question

Information stored in short-term memory lasts half a minute or less without rehearsal. However, if______ is not interrupted, information can be retained indefinitely.

answer

rehearsal

question

is often verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice, but it can also be visual or spatial, giving the impression of a private inner eye

answer

Rehearsal

question

works best when we must briefly remember a list of numbers or items such as entrées from a dinner menu

answer

Rehearsal

question

A main reason_____ does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that it often involves just mechanically repeating information, without imparting meaning to it.

answer

rehearsal

question

An alternative approach to explaining short-term memory comes from British psychologist.......

answer

Alan Baddeley

question

proposed the concept of working memory

answer

Alan Baddeley

question

a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.

answer

working memory

question

is a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.

answer

working memory

question

In Baddeley's working memory model, working memory consists of three main components......

answer

the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and the central executive.

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: Which components serve as assistants, helping the central executive do its work? ALL OF WHICH HAVE LIMITED CAPACITY

answer

The phonological loop and visuospatial working memory

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: Input from sensory memory goes to the ____, where information about speech is stored and rehearsal takes place, and to _______, where visual and spatial information, including imagery, is stored.

answer

phonological loop; visuospatial working memory

question

is a limited capacity system, and information is stored there for only a brief time.

answer

Working memory

question

interacts with long-term memory, drawing information from long-term memory and transmitting information to long-term memory for longer storage.

answer

Working memory

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.

answer

phonological loop

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT contains two separate components: an acoustic code (the sounds we heard), which decays in a few seconds, and rehearsal, which allows us to repeat the words in the phonological store.

answer

phonological loop

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery.

answer

Visuospatial working memory

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT integrates information not only from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory but also from long-term memory.

answer

central executive

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT In Baddeley's view, the _____plays important roles in attention, planning, and organizing.

answer

central executive

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

answer

central executive

question

In Baddeley's working memory model: THIS COMPONENT It selects which strategies to use to process information and solve problems.

answer

central executive

question

is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

answer

Long-term memory

question

Long-term memory is complex and can be divided into which 2 substructures?

answer

explicit memory and implicit memory

question

EXPLICIT MEMORY, A SUBSTRUCTURE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO WHICH 2 SUBDIVISIONS......

answer

episodic and semantic memory

question

IMPLICIT MEMORY, A SUBSTRUCTURE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO WHICH 3 SUBDIVISIONS......

answer

procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

question

A SUBSTRUCTURE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY THAT has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why

answer

explicit memory

question

SUBSTRUCTURE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY THAT has to do with remembering how

answer

implicit memory

question

declarative memory

answer

Explicit Memory

question

is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

answer

Explicit Memory

question

recounting the events in a movie you have seen and recalling which politicians are in the president's cabinet. EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF MEMORY?

answer

Explicit Memory

question

calls information that is retained for such a long time "permastore" content.

answer

Bahrick

question

represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even without rehearsal.

answer

Permastore memory

question

Canadian cognitive psychologist WHO has been the foremost advocate of distinguishing between two subtypes of explicit memory

answer

Endel Tulving

question

is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings—basically, how we remember life's episodes.

answer

Episodic memory

question

Subdivision of explicit memory that is autobiographical.

answer

Episodic memory

question

the details of where you were when your younger brother or sister was born, what happened on your first date, and what you ate for breakfast this morning. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Episodic memory

question

is a person's knowledge about the world.

answer

Semantic memory

question

It includes your areas of expertise, general knowledge of the sort you are learning in school, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things.

answer

Semantic memory

question

is involved in a person's knowledge of chess, of geometry, and of who the Dalai Lama, Barack Obama, and Kate Winslet are.

answer

Semantic memory

question

it appears to be independent of an individual's personal identity with the past.

answer

Semantic memory

question

You can access a fact—such as the detail that Lima is the capital of Peru—and not have the foggiest notion of when and where you learned it. THIS IS EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Semantic memory

question

The difference between episodic and semantic memory is demonstrated in certain cases of .....

answer

amnesia (memory loss).

question

A person with amnesia might forget entirely who she is—her name, family, career, and all other vital information about herself—yet still be able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently holds the office of U.S. president. In such cases, _____memory is impaired, but ____ memory is functioning.

answer

episodic; semantic

question

argues that semantic and episodic systems often work together in forming new memories. In such cases, the memory that ultimately forms might consist of an autobiographical episode and semantic information.

answer

Tulving

question

is memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

answer

implicit memory

question

comes into play in the skills of playing tennis and snowboarding, as well as in the physical act of text messaging.

answer

implicit memory

question

the repetition in your mind of a song you heard playing in the supermarket, even though you did not notice that song playing. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

implicit memory

question

Three subsystems of implicit memory are.......

answer

procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming

question

procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming refer to memories that you are not _________ but that _________

answer

aware of; influence behavior

question

is a type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.

answer

Procedural memory

question

you type a paper, you are not conscious of where the keys are for the various letters, but your well-learned, nonconscious skill of typing allows you to hit the right keys. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Procedural memory

question

once you have learned to drive a car, you remember how to go about it: You do not have to remember consciously how to drive the car as you put the key in the ignition, turn the steering wheel, depress the gas pedal, and step on the brake pedal. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Procedural memory

question

type of implicit memory THAT involves the automatic learning of associations between stimuli, so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other.

answer

classical conditioning

question

associations such as this involve nonconscious, implicit memory. So without realizing it, you might start to like the person who sits next to you in your favorite class, because she is around while you are feeling good.

answer

classical conditioning

question

is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

answer

priming

question

occurs when something in the environment evokes a response in memory—such as the activation of a particular concept.

answer

priming

question

_________-a term or concept makes it more available in memory

answer

priming

question

have demonstrated that priming can have a surprising influence on social behavior

answer

John Bargh and other social psychologists

question

can spur goal-directed behavior.

answer

priming

question

Bargh and colleagues (2001) asked students to perform a word-find puzzle. Embedded in the puzzle were either neutral words (shampoo, robin) or achievement-related words (compete, win, achieve). Participants who were exposed to the achievement-related words did better on a later puzzle task, finding 26 words in other puzzles, while those with the neutral primes found only 21.5 EXAMPLE OF?

answer

priming, SPECIFICALLY HOW IT can spur goal-directed behavior.

question

Refers to how Memories are not haphazardly stored but instead are carefully sorted.

answer

organized

question

Researchers have found that if people are encouraged to _______material simply, their memories of the material improve even if they receive no warning that their memories will be tested

answer

organize

question

is a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.

answer

Schemas

question

_______from prior encounters with the environment influence the way we handle information—how we encode it, the inferences we make about it, and how we retrieve it

answer

Schemas

question

can also be at work when we recall information.

answer

schemas

question

holds that long-term memory is not very exact. We seldom find precisely the memory that we want, or at least not all of what we want; hence, we have to reconstruct the rest.

answer

schemas

question

Our _______support the reconstruction process, helping us fill in gaps between our fragmented memories.

answer

schemas

question

is a schema for an event

answer

script

question

often have information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.

answer

script

question

This kind of information is helpful when people need to figure out what is happening around them.

answer

script

question

if you are enjoying your after-dinner coffee in an upscale restaurant and a man in a tuxedo comes over and puts a piece of paper on the table, your _____ tells you that the man probably is a waiter who has just given you the check.

answer

script

question

help to organize our storage of memories about events.

answer

script

question

is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory

answer

Connectionism, or parallel distributed processing (PDP)

question

In the ____ view, memories are not large knowledge structures (as in schema theories). Instead, memories are more like electrical impulses, organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized.

answer

connectionist

question

Any piece of knowledge—such as your dog's name—is embedded in the strengths of hundreds or thousands of connections among neurons and is not limited to a single location. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Connectionism, or parallel distributed processing (PDP)

question

Because of THE simple reactions OF NEURAL ACTIVITY, the ______view argues that changes in the strength of synaptic connections are the fundamental bases of memory

answer

connectionist

question

From the ____network perspective, memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together.

answer

connectionist

question

help to explain how priming a concept (rudeness) can influence behavior (interrupting someone).

answer

Connectionist approaches

question

insights from this WHICH view support brain research undertaken to determine where memories are stored in the brain

answer

Connectionist

question

spent a lifetime looking for a location in the brain in which memories are stored. He trained rats to discover the correct pathway in a maze and then cut out various portions of the animals' brains and retested their memory of the maze pathway.

answer

Karl Lashley

question

Experiments with thousands of rats showed that the loss of various cortical areas did not affect rats' ability to remember the pathway, leading Lashley to conclude that......

answer

memories are not stored in a specific location in the brain.

question

Canadian psychologist who suggested that assemblies of cells, distributed over large areas of the cerebral cortex, work together to represent information, just as the connectionist network perspective would predict.

answer

Donald Hebb

question

Today many neuroscientists believe that memory is located in _______ or _________

answer

specific sets or circuits of neurons

question

Researchers also believe that brain chemicals may be the ink with which memories are .......

answer

written

question

neurotransmitters are the chemicals that allow neurons to communicate across the synapse. These chemicals play a crucial role in forging the connections that represent .......

answer

memory.

question

explains how memory functions at the neuron level.

answer

long-term potentiation

question

this concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them—and thus the memory—may be strengthened

answer

long-term potentiation

question

has been demonstrated experimentally by administering a drug that increases the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse, raising the possibility of someday improving memory through drugs that increase neural connections

answer

long-term potentiation

question

Neuroscientists have found that the hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a role in......

answer

Explicit memory

question

In many aspects of ______information is transmitted from the hippocampus to the frontal lobes, which are involved in both retrospective (remembering things from the past) and prospective (remembering things that you need to do in the future) memory

answer

explicit memory,

question

The left frontal lobe is especially active when we ____ new information into memory; the right frontal lobe is more active when we subsequently________ it

answer

encode; retrieve

question

he cerebellum (the structure at the back and toward the bottom of the brain) is active in the_______ required to perform skills

answer

implicit memory

question

Various areas of the cerebral cortex, such as the temporal lobes and hippocampus, function in.......

answer

priming

question

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of ________, which allow the tracking of neural activity during cognitive tasks

answer

MRI scans

question

determines how information is represented in memory and how long it is retained.

answer

Storage

question

states that there are three systems in memory storage.

answer

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

question

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory states that there are three systems in memory storage. The first system is ________, wherein information is stored for up to several seconds.

answer

sensory memory

question

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory states that there are three systems in memory storage. In the second system, ______, information is stored for up to 30 seconds.

answer

short-term memory

question

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory states that there are three systems in memory storage.The third system is ______, in which information is stored for up to a lifetime.

answer

long-term memory

question

holds information that is taken in from environmental stimuli. It is held here for a period from a fraction of a second to several seconds.

answer

sensory memory

question

We process more information in ______ than we consciously notice.

answer

sensory memory

question

Information in ______is picked up by a person's senses.

answer

sensory memory

question

is auditory sensory memory, held for several seconds.

answer

Echoic memory

question

is visual sensory memory, held for about one-fourth of a second.

answer

Iconic memory

question

conducted the first type of research on iconic memory.

answer

George Sperling

question

George Sperling found that people could remember seeing as many as nine letters he had flashed on a screen for about 1/20 of a second, but this______ was too brief for people to be able to transfer all nine letters to short-term memory, where they could be named, so they could only recall about half of them.

answer

iconic memory

question

Some of the information to which a person attends is transfered from sensory memory into.....

answer

short-term memory

question

Information is held in_______ for about 30 seconds

answer

short-term memory

question

Most people can hold about seven, plus or minus two, bits of information in short-term memory. This is known as .......

answer

memory span.

question

two ways to improve short-term memory.

answer

Chunking and rehearsal

question

grouping amounts of information larger than the seven, plus or minus two, bits into higher-order, single units.

answer

Chunking

question

involves repeating information over and over again as a way to remember it.

answer

Rehearsal

question

The information retained by ________can be held indefinitely unless there is some sort of interruption.

answer

rehearsal

question

__________works best when a person must remember the information only briefly and not for long-term retention, mainly because it does not involve deep processing.

answer

rehearsal

question

proposed by Alan Baddeley (2006, 2007) is a three-part system that temporarily holds information while a person is working on a cognitive task.

answer

Working memory

question

Unlike long-term memory, ______ and its components have limited capacity.

answer

Working memory

question

The first part in working memory is the ________, which stores speech-based information about the sounds of language. It includes an acoustic code and rehearsal.

answer

phonological loop

question

The second part in working memory is the called ____, stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery.

answer

visuospatial working memory

question

in working memory the function of _______ and _______ function independently and can be used concurrently for separate tasks.

answer

phonological loop and visuospatial working memory

question

The third part in working memory is the _____, combines information from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory. It also integrates information from long-term memory.

answer

central executive

question

he concept of _____ can help us understand how brain damage affects cognitive skills. Some people have good working memory but poor long-term memory, while others have good long-term memory but problems with working memory.

answer

working memory

question

Deficits in working memory can be found in patients with _______disease.

answer

Alzheimers

question

Baddeley feels that patients who have deficits in working memory can be traced to the _____, which coordinates different mental activities. This is a function with which Alzheimers patients have great difficulty.

answer

central executive

question

is a relatively permanent memory storage base.

answer

Long-term memory

question

There is a virtually unlimited amount of space in the human brain for......

answer

long-term memory storage

question

also known as declarative memory

answer

Explicit Memory

question

is a type of memory for specific facts or events and information that can be verbally communicated.

answer

Explicit Memory

question

A study by Harry Bahrick found that any information forgotten from________ was forgotten within the first three years after the memory was stored; after that, the forgetting leveled off.

answer

explicit memory

question

is the key to permanent memory storage.

answer

Gradual learning

question

If information is learned and stored over time, there is a better chance that it will remain in explicit memory indefinitely. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Gradual learning

question

content is information that is learned and retained. this is called?

answer

Perma-store

question

is a type of explicit memory. It stores information about where, what, and when information is occurring.

answer

Episodic memory

question

is autobiographical, meaning that it pertains specifically to a given person's life.

answer

Episodic memory

question

is a second type of explicit memory. This type of memory pertains to information about the world. It includes general, everyday, and academic knowledge, but not the personal information of episodic memory.

answer

Semantic memory

question

Many explicit or declarative memories are neither purely___ nor purely _____

answer

episodic; semantic.

question

argues that episodic and semantic systems often work together in forming new memories.

answer

Tulving

question

also known as nondeclarative memory

answer

Implicit memory

question

is a type of memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without conscious memory of the experience.

answer

Implicit memory

question

a person may know how to type on a computer without consciously remembering the past learning process. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

Implicit memory

question

Subsystem of implicit memory which is a memory for skills.

answer

procedural memory

question

when you first learn how to drive a car, there are many steps involved and you consciously follow each of these steps. However, after you have been driving for a while, you start the car and drive without thinking through all the steps involved. EXAMPLE OF?

answer

procedural memory

question

subsystem of implicit memory, This type of memory involves making automatic associations between different stimuli.

answer

classical conditioning

question

subsystem of implicit memory, involves taking information that a person has already learned out of storage in order to learn new information.

answer

Priming

question

subsystem of implicit memory, where a person is able to learn the new information faster and better.

answer

Priming

question

occurs when a trigger in the environment evokes a response in the memory.

answer

Priming

question

can stimulate goal-directed behavior

answer

Priming

question

We can remember information or facts better when we _____ them

answer

organize

question

store the information from general to specific and is termed?

answer

hierarchically

question

New information can be stored in ______, meaning that information is incorporated into the correct region of memory. There are _______for all sorts of common information.

answer

semantic networks

question

is a preexisting mental concept that helps us organize and interpret new information.

answer

Schemas

question

help us reconstruct inexact long-term memories by filling in the gaps between fragments.

answer

Schemas

question

Schemas have ____, which help us figure out what is happening around us and to organize our storage of memories about events.

answer

scripts

question

is based on the theory that memories are stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons. Several of these neuronal connections may work together to form one memory.

answer

Connectionism, or parallel distributed processing (PDP)

question

discovered that memories are not stored in one specific area of the brain but throughout various parts of the brain.

answer

Karl Lashley

question

Researchers today believe that ______ are located in specific sets or circuits of neurons.

answer

memories

question

says that most memories are probably clustered in groups of about 1,000 neurons.

answer

Larry Squire

question

Researchers have also discovered that when brain chemicals such as__________ are released in sea slugs, they trigger memories. Scientists theorize that this process may occur the same way in humans.

answer

neurotransmitters

question

the hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other parts of the limbic system are all involved in........

answer

explicit memories

question

The left frontal lobe is more active in ______, while the right frontal lobe is more active in ______.

answer

encoding; retrieval

question

Older adults begin to use the left frontal lobe in ______as well, which may help them compensate as memory problems develop.

answer

retrieval

question

The _____plays a role in emotional memories.

answer

amygdala

question

The ________ is involved in the implicit memories required to perform various skills.

answer

cerebellum

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