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Personality

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the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

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Character

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value judgements made about a person's moreal and ethical behavior

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Temperament

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the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

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Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

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-Psychodynamic perspective -Behaviorist Perspective -Humanstic Perspective -Trait Perspective

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Sigmund Freud

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the founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology(based his diagnoses on interpretation of dreams and free association)

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Preconscious Mind

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level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

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Conscious Mind

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level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions

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Uncoscious Mind

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level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept -can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

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Conscious

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contact with outside world

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Preconscious

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material just beneath the surface of awareness

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Unconscious

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difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness

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ID

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part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious

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Libido

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the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior

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Pleasure Principle

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the principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

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Ego

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the part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical

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Reality Principle

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the principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

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Superego

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part of the personality that acts as a moral center

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Ego ideal

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part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior

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Conscience

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part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal

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Psychological Defense Mechanisms

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unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

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Denial

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a person's refusal to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation (Example: pat is an alcoholic who denies being an alcoholic)

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Repression

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the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind

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Rationalization

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the person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

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Projection

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unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else-usually the target of the impulses or feelings

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Reatcion Formation

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the person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

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Displacement

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the redirection of feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one

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Regression

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the person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

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Identification

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the person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

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Compensation(substitution)

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the person makes up for deficiencies in one are by becoming superior in another area

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Sublimation

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channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

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Fixation

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if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

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Psychosexual stages

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five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

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Oral Stage

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the first stage, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict; the id dominates

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Anal stage

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the second stage, occurring between about one and three years of age; the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict; the ego develops

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Anal-expulsive personality

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a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

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Anal-retentive personality

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a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fusst, stingy, andstubborn

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Phallic stage

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the third stage, occurring from about three to six years of age; the child discovers sexual feelings; the superego develops

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Oedipus complex

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a situatuation occurring in the phallic stage in which a male child develops sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent

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Electra complex

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a similar process for girls

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Latency stage

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the fourth stage, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

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Genital stage

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during and after puberty sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

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Neo-Freudians

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followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

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Jung

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developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious

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Personal unconscious

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jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

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Collective unconscious

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the memories shared by all members of the human species

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Archetypes

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collective, universal human memories

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Adler

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proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality -developed birth order theory

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(ADLER)Firstborn Children

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feel inferior to younger children who recieve attention; they become overachievers

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(ADLER)Middle Children

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feel superior to dethroned older children , as well as younger children; they tend to be very competitive

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(ADLER)Younger children

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feel inferior because they dont have the freedom or responsiblity of older children

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Horney

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developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy

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Basic anxiety

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anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

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Neurotic Personalities

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the result of less-secure unbringings and paired with maladaptive ways dealing with relationships

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Erikson

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developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span

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Behaviorists

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define personality as a set of learned responses or habits

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Habit

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well-learned response that has become automatic

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Social Cognitive Learning Theorists

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-emphasize the importance of the influences of other people's behavior -emphasize the importance of the top influence of a person's own expectancies on learning

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Social Cognitive View

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learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitating of models(include social and mental processes)

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Reciprocal Determinism

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Bandura's explanation of how the factors of enviroment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

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Self-Efficacy

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an individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance; not the same as self-esteem

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Rotter's Social Learning Theory

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-Locus of control -Expectancy

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Humanistic perspective

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the "third force" in psychology -focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human -developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic value of behaviorism

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Self-actualizing tendency

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thestriving to fufill one's innate capacities and capabilities

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Self-concept

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the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life -Self-archetype that works with the ego to manage other achetypes and balance the personality

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Real Self

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one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

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Ideal Self

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one's perception of the person one should be or would like to be

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Positive regard

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warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant people in one's life

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unconditional positive regard

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positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

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Conditional positive regard

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positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

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Fully functioning person

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a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

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Positive Psychology

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focus on human potential, strenghts, and positive aspects of being human

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Trait theories

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theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

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Trait

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a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

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Allport

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first developed a list of about 200 traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system

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Cattell

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reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis -developed the 16PF test

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Surface traits

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aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

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Source traits

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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality -Example: Introversion(dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation)

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Agreeableness

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the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grump, crabby, and unpleasant (Good-natured, trusting, helpful)

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Neuroticism

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degree of emotional instability or stability

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The Big Five

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1. Openess 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

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Openness

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a person's willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

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Conscientiousness

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a person's organization and motivation, with people who score high in this dimension being those who are careful about being places on time and careful with belongings as well

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Extraversion

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is a first term used by Carl Jung, who believed that all people could be divided into two personality types: extraverts and introverts. Extraverts are outgoing and sociable, whereas introverts are more solitary and dislike being the center of attention

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Cross-cultural research

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found support for the five-factor model of personality traits in a number of different cultures

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Future Research

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will explore the degree to which childrearing practices and heredity may influence the five personality factors

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Trait-situation interaction

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the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

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Behavioral genetics

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the study of the relationship between the heredity and personality

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Twin and adoption studies

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found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits

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Heritability

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how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences, and the extent to which individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

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James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis (JIM TWINS)

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seperated shortly after birth and reunited at age thirty-nine; they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits

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Four Basic Dimensions of Personality

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-Individualism/collectivism -Power distance -Masculinity/femininity -Uncertainty avoidance

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Cognitive appraisal approach(Lazarus)

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how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become

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Primary appraisal

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involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge

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Secondary appraisal

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involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

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Type A Personality

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-Ambitious -Time conscious -Extremely Hardworking -Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger -Easily annoyed

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Type B

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-Relaxed and laid back -Less driven and competitive than type a -Slow to anger

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Type C Personality

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-Pleasant but repressed person -Tends to internalize anger and anxiety -Finds expressing emotions difficult -Higher cancer ratios

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Hardy Personality

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-seems to thrive on stress, but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality -Deep sense of commitment to values -Sense of control over their lives -View problems as challanges to be met and answered

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Explanatory Styles

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-Optimists expect positive outcomes -Pessimists expect negative outcomes

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Optomists

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-likely to develop learned helplessness -likely to ignore their health -likely to become depressed

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Interview

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personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or an unstructured fashion (Psychoanalysts,Humanistic therapists)

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Halo Effect

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the tendency of an interviewer to allow the positive characteristics of a client to influence assessments of the client's behavior and statements

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Direct Observation

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the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or a natural setting

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Rating Scale

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a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

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Frequency Count

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assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

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Personality inventory

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paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test (Trait Theorists)

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NEO-PI

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based on the five-factor model

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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based on Jung's theory of personality types

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MMPI

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designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality

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Rorschach Inkblot test

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projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

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Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)

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projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

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Projection

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defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others and not to oneself

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Projective tests

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personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind (psychoanalysts, Humanistic therapists)

Theories Of Personality (CHAPTER 11) – Flashcards

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