HDFS Chap 1 – Flashcards
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According to social learning theory, as children grow older they
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become more selective in what they imitate.
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Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that
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development is plastic at all ages.
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According to Sigmund Freud, the
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id is the source of basic biological needs and desires.
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Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)
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naturalistic observation.
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Why type of theorist would ask: "Are declines in memory during old age evident on all types of tasks or only some?"
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information processing theorist
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Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a
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structured interview
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Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a
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hypothesis
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One limitation of debriefing is
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young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.
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To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of children from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.
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longitudinal
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Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _____________ and ____________.
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correlational and experimental
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n a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.
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cohort
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Random assignment
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assures that participants are assigned to experimental conditions in an unbiased manner.
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The information-processing approach views the mind as a
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symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
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In ____________, the investigator provides a full account and justification of the activities after the research session is over.
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debriefing
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Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator
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factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
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Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as
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resilience
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Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ____________ in development.
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nurture
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__________ brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience
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developmental science
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a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
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theory
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
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continuous development
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a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
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discontinuous development
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a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
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stages of development
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qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development
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contexts
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unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
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nature-nurture controversy
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disagreement among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factors are more important on development
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lifespan perspective
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leading dynamic systems approach that says development is 1. lifelong 2. multidimensional and multidirectional 3. highly plastic and 4. affected by multiple interacting forces
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age-graded influences
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events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they will last. ex. reaching puberty between ages 12-14
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history graded influences
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explain why people born around the same time, called a cohort, tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. ex. baby boomers
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nonnormative influences
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irregular events-- theey happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable
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nonnormative approach
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measures of behavior are take on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
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psychoanalytic perspective
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people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
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psychosexual theory
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how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
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behaviorism
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directly observable events-- stimuli and responses-- are the appropriate focus of study
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social learning theory
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an approach that emphasizes the role of modeling, otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, in the development of behavior
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behavior modification
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procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
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cognitive-developmental theory
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children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
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information processing
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an approach that views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process
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developmental cognitive neuroscience
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new area of investigation that brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
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ethology
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concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
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sensitive period
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is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences.
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evolutionary developmental psychology
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research that seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.
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sociocultural theory
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focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation
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ecological systems theory
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views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding.
