question

Organizational behavior is examined at three main levels: ________ . A) Traits, behaviors, and results B) Affective, cognitive, and behavioral C) Individual, organizational, and societal D) Individual, group, and organizational E) Individual, organization, corporate

answer

D) Individual, group, and organizational

question

An organization is BEST defined as ________. A) A collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of goals B) A system for responding to business emergencies C) An administrative and functional structure D) A group that exists to provide goods and services that people want E) A team of workers who work together to provide goods and services that people want

answer

A) A collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of goals

question

A group is a collection of two or more people who ________. A) Interact from time to time B) Do not work cooperatively C) Interact to achieve their goals D) Pursue discrete agendas E) Work together from time to time

answer

C) Interact to achieve their goals

question

The study of organizational behavior provides a set of ________ that are useful for understanding the behavior that occurs within organizations. A) Guidelines B) Rituals C) Beliefs D) Textbooks E) Principles

answer

A) Guidelines

question

Organizational ________ is the study of the many factors that have an impact on how people and groups act, think, feel, and respond to work and organizations, and how organizations respond to their environments. A) Behavior B) Effectiveness C) Responsibility D) Analysis E) Culture

answer

A) Behavior

question

Which of the following terms BEST describes several engineers working together, closely and intensely, to complete a project within a given time span? A) Group B) Team C) Organization D) Society E) Culture

answer

B) Team

question

The members of a ________ work together using a common IT platform and may never actually meet. A) Cyber group B) Virtual team C) Digital team D) Electronic group E) Matrix group

answer

B) Virtual team

question

Which of the following would NOT contribute to organizational effectiveness? A) Excellent quality assurance procedures B) Quality employee retention programs C) Superior customer relations processes D) High prices for all goods and services E) High salaries and generous benefit packages

answer

D) High prices for all goods and services

question

The principal functions of management include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) Organizing B) Executing C) Leading D) Controlling E) Designing

answer

B) Executing

question

In ________, managers establish the rules and reporting relationships that allow people to achieve organizational goals. A) Leading B) Designing C) Organizing D) Controlling E) Planning

answer

C) Organizing

question

In the managerial function of ________, managers encourage and motivate workers to work toward organizational goals. A) Leading B) Organizing C) Planning D) Controlling E) Motivating

answer

A) Leading

question

Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to affect how a manager leads? A) Size of teams B) Structure of teams C) Objectives of teams D) Experience of teams E) Line of authority

answer

B) Structure of teams

question

The ________ function of management allows managers to diagnose how well they have performed. A) Performing B) Executing C) Leading D) Planning E) Controlling

answer

E) Controlling

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the managerial roles identified by Henry Mintzberg? A) Negotiator B) Optimizer C) Liaison D) Monitor E) None of the above

answer

B) Optimizer

question

Which of these is a managerial role identified by Mintzberg? A) Analyzing B) Dissemination C) Conceptualizing D) Consternation E) Articulation

answer

B) Dissemination

question

________ allow a manager to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish between cause and effect. A) Conceptual skills B) Human skills C) Monitoring skills D) Technical skills E) Motivational skills

answer

A) Conceptual skills

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three principal kinds of skills needed by managers? A) Analytical B) Conceptual C) Human D) Technical E) None of the above

answer

A) Analytical

question

________ enable managers to lead and control the behaviors of other people and groups. A) Conceptual skills B) Technical skills C) Human skills D) Analytical skills E) Quantitative skills

answer

C) Human skills

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of an open system? A) Input Stage B) Output Stage C) Sales Stage D) Conversion Stage E) Output loop

answer

E) Output loop

question

________ is the trait that captures the distinction between individuals who get along with other people and those who do not. A) Conscientiousness B) Openness to experience C) Agreeableness D) External locus of control E) Internal locus of control

answer

C) Agreeableness

question

Behavior and feelings that are inherited from parents is MOST LIKELY a result of ________. A) Nature B) Biological Forces C) Personality Forces D) Conceptual Forces E) Nurture

answer

A) Nature

question

Nature is to genetics as nurture is to ________. A) Life experiences B) Personality C) Agreeableness D) DNA E) RNA

answer

A) Life experiences

question

________ is the extent to which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and persevering. A) Affectiveness B) Conscientiousness C) Articulateness D) Emotiveness E) Cognitive ability

answer

B) Conscientiousness

question

Personality within an individual typically evolves ________. A) Over approximately 25 years B) Relatively quickly C) When an individual changes jobs D) At no point during a lifetime E) From birth to age ten

answer

A) Over approximately 25 years

question

A specific component of personality that describes particular tendencies a person has to feel, think, and act in a certain way is ________. A) A mood B) An ability C) A trait D) A behavior E) An attitude

answer

C) A trait

question

Individuals high on ________ are more likely to feel good at work and be satisfied with their jobs. A) Extraversion B) Introversion C) Affectivity D) Socialization E) Power distance

answer

A) Extraversion

question

The collection of traits that compose how a person generally tends to think, feel, and behave is called ________. A) A mood B) A personality C) A gene D) A behavior E) A value

answer

B) A personality

question

Which one of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits? A) Neuroticism B) Extraversion C) Interlocution D) Conscientiousness E) Introversion

answer

C) Interlocution

question

Which of the following dimensions of personality do anxiety, self-consciousness, and vulnerability fall under? A) Extraversion B) Neuroticism C) Conscientiousness D) Openness to Experience E) Introversion

answer

B) Neuroticism

question

Neuroticism is a trait that ________. A) Is only found in neurotic individuals B) Is possessed by all normal, psychologically healthy individuals to a certain degree C) Reflects people's tendency to experience positive emotional states D) Is also referred to as positive affectivity E) Reflects people's tendency to experience positive affectivity and unambiguity

answer

B) Is possessed by all normal, psychologically healthy individuals to a certain degree

question

Individuals who do not tend to experience negative emotions and are not as critical and pessimistic as others are ________. A) Low on negative affectivity B) High on positive affectivity C) High on extraversion D) High on neuroticism E) High on negative affectivity

answer

A) Low on negative affectivity

question

Individuals who are antagonistic, unsympathetic, and rude are said to be ________. A) Low on extraversion B) Low on agreeableness C) High on neuroticism D) High on introversion E) High on extraversion

answer

B) Low on agreeableness

question

Which of the dimensions of personality do competence, order, and self-discipline fall under? A) Agreeableness B) Neuroticism C) Conscientiousness D) Extraversion E) Introversion

answer

C) Conscientiousness

question

A person's thoughts and feelings about the meaning and nature of work itself are called ________. A) Values B) Attitudes C) Emotions D) Moods E) Beliefs

answer

B) Attitudes

question

Which of the following is NOT a component of work attitudes? A) Behavioral component B) Affective component C) Cognitive component D) Ethical component E) Legal component

answer

E) Legal component

question

A person's values are ________. A) Resistant to change B) Fixed over time C) Hard to determine D) Subject to change every day E) Evolving quickly over a span of a lifetime

answer

E) Evolving quickly over a span of a lifetime

question

People's personal convictions about what end states one should expect from work and how one should behave at work constitute ________. A) Work attitudes B) Work moods C) Work behaviors D) Work ethics E) Work values

answer

E) Work values

question

How a worker feels about his or her job or organization represents the ________ of the worker's attitude. A) Behavioral component B) Affective component C) Cognitive component D) Temperamental component E) Ethical component

answer

B) Affective component

question

Extrinsic work values are related to ________. A) Nature of the work B) Interests of the worker C) Consequences of the work D) Love of the job E) Attitude

answer

C) Consequences of the work

question

Employees who are extrinsically motivated are MOST OFTEN responsive to ________. A) Challenging work B) Financial incentives C) Added responsibility D) Creative flexibility E) Meaningful positive feedback

answer

B) Financial incentives

question

________ are BEST described as one's personal convictions about what is right and wrong. A) Ethical Values B) Legal Values C) Work Values D) Utilitarian Values E) Justice Values

answer

A) Ethical Values

question

________ pertain to the protection of the fundamental rights and privileges of people affected by a decision. A) Utilitarian Values B) Moral Rights Values C) Justice Values D) Equal Rights Values E) Ethical Values

answer

B) Moral Rights Values

question

________ pertain to fairness, equity, and impartiality in decision making. A) Utilitarian Values B) Moral Rights Values C) Justice Values D) Equal Rights Values E) Work Values

answer

C) Justice Values

question

________ can and often do remain constant from job to job and organization to organization. A) Work Attitudes B) Work Values C) Work Duties D) Work Routines E) Work Behaviors

answer

B) Work Values

question

People try to make sense of events, objects, and other people in their environment through ________. A) Memory B) Cognition C) Vision D) Reflection E) Perception

answer

E) Perception

question

The ________ is the context in which perception takes place. A) Environment B) Situation C) State of affairs D) Location E) Cognition

answer

B) Situation

question

The ________ is the context or environment surrounding the perceiver and the target. A) Epicenter B) Situation C) Schema D) Fountainhead E) Environment

answer

C) Schema

question

________ is whatever the perceiver is trying to make sense of. A) The quandary B) The situation C) The target of perception D) The paradigm of possibility E) The locus of control

answer

C) The target of perception

question

All of the following EXCEPT ________ affect a person's perceptions of reality. A) Schemas B) Motivational State C) Mood D) Attitude E) Behavioral State

answer

E) Behavioral State

question

The extent to which a target stands out among a group of people or things is called the target's ________. A) Identity B) Solvency C) Salience D) Novelty E) Instrumentality

answer

C) Salience

question

A(n) ________ is a set of overly simplified and often inaccurate beliefs about the typical characteristics of a particular group. A) Typology B) Stereotype C) Archetype D) Prototype E) Idiom

answer

B) Stereotype

question

Schemas can hinder objective understanding because they ________. A) Provide convenience B) Are highly visible C) Are always inaccurate D) Promote stereotypes E) Reflect personal values

answer

D) Promote stereotypes

question

________ is the process whereby people select, organize, and interpret the input from their senses to give meaning and order to the world around them. A) Understanding B) Perception C) Ratiocination D) Acknowledgment E) Cognition

answer

B) Perception

question

________ is an attempt to control the perceptions or impressions of others. A) Stereotyping B) Impression Management C) Perceptual Targeting D) Situational Manipulation E) Perceptual Organization

answer

B) Impression Management

question

All of the following are examples of positive reinforcers EXCEPT ________. A) Added responsibility B) Verbal praise C) Interesting work D) Reprimands E) Merit increases

answer

D) Reprimands

question

An employer offers a $5.00 bonus to every employee who arrives at work early every day in a given week. This is an example of a ________. A) Positive Reinforcement B) Negative Reinforcement C) Variable Reinforcement D) Scheduled Reinforcement E) Continuous Reinforcement

answer

A) Positive Reinforcement

question

________ reinforcement reinforces behavior every time it occurs. A) Fixed-interval B) Immediate C) Continuous D) Variable-interval E) Ratio

answer

C) Continuous

question

A ________ schedule is when the amount of time between reinforcements of behavior is adjustable around a constant average. A) Fixed-Interval B) Variable-Interval C) Fixed-Ratio D) Variable-Ratio E) Ratio

answer

B) Variable-Interval

question

________ is the reinforcement of successive and closer approximations to a desired behavior. A) Shaping B) OB MOD C) Operant conditioning D) Extinction E) Modeling

answer

A) Shaping

question

According to operant conditioning theory, punishment ________ the probability of an undesired behavior. A) Increases B) Reduces C) Negates D) Eliminates E) Enhances

answer

B) Reduces

question

When positive and negative reinforcement is used to promote learning, the magnitude of the consequences should be ________ to the desired behavior. A) Ambiguous B) Unrelated C) Equivalent D) Simultaneous E) Dissimilar

answer

C) Equivalent

question

________ involves administering a negative consequence when an undesired behavior occurs. A) Deconstruction B) Extinction C) Negation D) Punishment E) Vicarious learning

answer

D) Punishment

question

Negative reinforcement ________ the probability of a desired behavior. A) Increases B) Decreases C) Eliminates D) Has no effect on E) None of the above

answer

A) Increases

question

Which of the following behaviors would OB MOD NOT encourage? A) Attendance B) Helping Colleagues C) Sales Goals D) Production Goals E) None of The Above

answer

B) Helping Colleagues

question

According to social cognitive theory, which of the following is NOT a way in which members of an organization learn? A) Reactive Learning B) Vicarious Learning C) Self-Control D) Self-Efficacy E) Virtual Learning

answer

A) Reactive Learning

question

The various thought processes that people engage in are known as ________. A) Attribution Processes B) Cognitive Processes C) Emotional Learning D) Vicarious Learning E) Experiential Learning

answer

B) Cognitive Processes

question

According to ________ any attempt to understand how people learn must also take into account their feelings and thoughts and their observations of the world around them. A) Social Cognitive Theory B) Creative Cognition Theory C) Attribution Theory D) Contextual Cognition E) Expectancy Theory

answer

A) Social Cognitive Theory

question

Learning by observing how other people behave is referred to as ________. A) Responsive Learning B) Adaptive Learning C) Enactive Learning D) Vicarious Learning E) Experiential Learning

answer

D) Vicarious Learning

question

Self-efficacy refers to a ________. A) Person's learning to perform a behavior with no external pressures B) Person's belief about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior successfully C) Person's awareness of his or her prior accomplishments D) Person's learning through direct involvement E) None of the above

answer

B) Person's belief about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior successfully

question

Self-efficacy affects learning in all of the following areas EXCEPT ________. A) Goals and activities individuals choose for themselves B) Effort individuals exert on the job C) Level of persistence with which individuals try to master new tasks D) Effort students exert in studying for an exam E) Reinforcements that individuals select for themselves

answer

E) Reinforcements that individuals select for themselves

question

Learning by doing is referred to as ________ A) Vicarious Learning B) Experiential Learning C) Intuitive Learning D) Operant Learning E) Virtual Learning

answer

B) Experiential Learning

question

Employees who have intrinsic work values will be motivated by ________. A) Challenging assignments B) Status in the workplace C) Social contacts D) Financial rewards E) Employee of the month award

answer

A) Challenging assignments

question

________ work behavior is performed for its own sake. A) Intrinsically motivated B) Extrinsically motivated C) Functionally motivated D) Psychologically motivated E) Financially motivated

answer

A) Intrinsically motivated

question

________ is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment. A) Self-preservation behavior B) Extrinsically motivated work behavior C) Need motivated work behavior D) Selfless behavior E) Intrinsically motivated work behavior

answer

B) Extrinsically motivated work behavior

question

Which of the following is the correct order for the motivation equation? A) Inputs, performance, evaluation B) Performance, inputs, evaluation C) Outputs, inputs, performance D) Inputs, outputs, appraisal E) Inputs, performance, outputs

answer

E) Inputs, performance, outputs

question

Need theory, expectancy theory, equity theory, and organizational justice theory are ________. A) Complementary Perspectives B) Mutually Exclusive Perspectives C) Divergent Perspectives D) Noncontiguous Perspectives E) Goal Setting Theories

answer

A) Complementary Perspectives

question

Which of the following is NOT an outcome in the motivation equation? A) Job Security B) Feeling Of Accomplishment C) Level Of Customer Service D) Vacation E) None of the above

answer

C) Level Of Customer Service

question

According to Maslow, ________ involve social interaction, friendship, affection, and love. A) Esteem Needs B) Belongingness Needs C) Self-Actualization Needs D) Physiological Needs E) None of the above

answer

B) Belongingness Needs

question

According to the hierarchy of needs, the most basic needs are ________. A) safety and self-actualization B) psychological and psychosocial C) physiological and safety D) analytical and pathological E) self-actualization and analytical

answer

C) physiological and safety

question

Maslow asserted that ________ pertain to realizing one's full potential as a human being. A) Esteem Needs B) Belongingness Needs C) Self-Actualization Needs D) Physiological Needs E) Physical Needs

answer

C) Self-Actualization Needs

question

In ERG theory, ________ involve self-development and meaningful, productive work. A) Growth Needs B) Existence Needs C) Relatedness Needs D) Physiological Needs E) Physical Needs

answer

A) Growth Needs

question

ERG theory proposes that ________ pertain to having good interpersonal relations, sharing thoughts and feelings, and having open, two-way communication. A) Growth Needs B) Existence Needs C) Relatedness Needs D) Physiological Needs E) Self-Actualization Needs

answer

C) Relatedness Needs

question

According to ERG theory, ________ include food, water, clothing, shelter, security, and safety. A) Growth Needs B) Existence Needs C) Relatedness Needs D) Physiological Needs E) Preservation Needs

answer

B) Existence Needs

question

ERG theory asserts that an individual who is frustrated in satisfying a higher-level need will ________. A) Stay at the current need level B) Increase the level of persistence until he or she satisfies the need C) Skip to the next higher level of need D) Experience increased motivation to satisfy lower-level needs E) None of the above

answer

D) Experience increased motivation to satisfy lower-level needs

question

________ is concerned with how employees make choices among alternative behaviors and levels of effort. A) Equity Theory B) ERG Theory C) Expectancy Theory D) Need Theory E) Social Cognitive Theory

answer

C) Expectancy Theory

question

According to expectancy theory, all of the following are major factors that determine an employee's motivation EXCEPT ________. A) Motivation B) Valence C) Anticipation D) Potentiality E) Instrumentality

answer

D) Potentiality

question

________ refers to the desirability of an outcome to an individual employee. A) Motivation B) Valence C) Anticipation D) Potentiality E) Instrumentality

answer

B) Valence

question

A person with high self-efficacy is MOST LIKELY to have high ________. A) Expectancy B) Instrumentality C) Valence D) Equity E) Motivation

answer

A) Expectancy

question

________ is the process of linking specific tasks to specific jobs and of deciding what techniques, Equipment, and processes should be used to perform them. A) Job Dissection B) Job Specification C) Job Design D) Job Modification E) Job Enlargement

answer

C) Job Design

question

All of the following are early approaches to job design EXCEPT ________. A) Scientific Management B) Job Enlargement C) Job Enrichment D) Job Intercession E) None of the above

answer

D) Job Intercession

question

In the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires an employee to use a number of different skills, abilities, or talents is referred to as ________. A) Job crafting B) Task identity C) Skill variety D) Task significance E) Job modeling

answer

C) Skill variety

question

________ was one of the earliest systematic approaches to job design. A) Job Enrichment B) Scientific Management C) Job Enlargement D) Vertical Loading E) Behavioral Management

answer

B) Scientific Management

question

Scientific Management is a set of principles stressing job ________. A) Simplification and Specialization B) Enlargement and Enrichment C) Fulfillment and meaning D) Training and Development E) Job Analysis and Job Design

answer

A) Simplification and Specialization

question

________ involves breaking up the work that needs to be done into the smallest identifiable tasks. A) Job Specialization B) Job Simplification C) Job Enrichment D) Job Enlargement E) Job Enhancement

answer

B) Job Simplification

question

________ results when employees are assigned to perform small, simple tasks and focus exclusively on them. A) Job Specialization B) Job Simplification C) Job Enrichment D) Job Enlargement E) Job Satisfaction

answer

A) Job Specialization

question

________ reveal exactly how long it takes to perform a task and the best way to perform it. A) Elapsed time analyses B) Time And Motion Studies C) Time-lapse investigations D) Productivity inspections E) Job Analysis

answer

B) Time And Motion Studies

question

The disadvantages of scientific management include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) Workers have no opportunity to acquire new skills B) The work is simple and repetitive C) Pay is often linked closely to performance D) Workers feel they have no control over their work behaviors E) Workers feel bored an unchallenged

answer

B) The work is simple and repetitive

question

In the job characteristics model, the degree to which a job allows a worker the freedom and independence to schedule work and decide how to carry it out is known as ________. A) Autonomy B) Task identity C) Job categorizing D) Task significance E) Job analysis

answer

A) Autonomy

question

________ involves increasing the number of tasks a worker performs, while maintaining the same level of difficulty and responsibility. A) Job Enlargement B) Job Enrichment C) Job Rotation D) Job Expansion E) Job Analysis

answer

A) Job Enlargement

question

________ involves designing jobs to provide opportunities for employee growth by giving employees more responsibility and control over their work. A) Job Enlargement B) Job Enrichment C) Job Rotation D) Job Expansion E) Job Analysis

answer

B) Job Enrichment

question

Job enrichment is also known as ________. A) Horizontal Job Loading B) Job Enlargement C) Job De-Simplification D) Vertical Job Loading E) Job Rotation

answer

D) Vertical Job Loading

question

Job enlargement is often referred to as ________. A) Horizontal Job Loading B) Vertical Job Loading C) Unilateral Job Loading D) Multidimensional Job Loading E) Cross-Training

answer

A) Horizontal Job Loading

question

All of the following are determinants of psychological contracts EXCEPT ________. A) Direct Communication B) Observations C) Written documents D) Education E) None of the above

answer

D) Education

question

Performance appraisals allow managers to do all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) Help a worker formulate appropriate career goals B) Evaluate whom to promote C) Determine who should receive a pay increase D) Hire new employees to fulfill important functions E) None of the above

answer

D) Hire new employees to fulfill important functions

question

According to expectancy theory, employees are likely to have high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and motivation ONLY if ________ A) They like their supervisors and coworkers B) They have received high quality education and continue to learn C) Managers can accurately evaluate their performances D) Managers are motivated to achieve as much as possible E) None of the above

answer

C) Managers can accurately evaluate their performances

question

Accurate performance appraisals provide employees with ________. A) Autonomy B) Self-Efficacy C) Self-Confidence D) Feedback E) Opportunities for advancement

answer

D) Feedback

question

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of corporate downsizing?

answer

increased ability to accomplish objectives more quickly

question

Roger Riley is a new department manager at Kelly & Kin Company. Two of his most important tasks are to encourage his employees to do a good job and to orchestrate different individual and group behaviors to help ensure all of his employees are working toward his department's goals. This set of responsibilities is also referred to as ________.

answer

leading.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the diversity of the U.S. workforce is increasing rapidly?

answer

the number of companies outsourcing work to other companies

question

The workplace behavior of an individual working on an assembly line with strict rules and regulations is MOST LIKELY influenced by

answer

the organizational situation

question

Which of the following personality traits would MOST LIKELY result in an individual who plays the role of devil's advocate within decision-making groups?

answer

low self-monitoring;high self-esteem

question

The process by which workers with similar personalities are attracted to and hired by organizations and those with dissimilar personalities leave is described by the ________.

answer

attraction-selection-attrition framework

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between work attitudes and values?

answer

Values are less specific and longer lasting than work attitudes.

question

According to Herzberg, when a worker's hygiene needs are met, he ________.

answer

will not be dissatisfied

question

Examples of intrinsic work values include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

answer

establishing social contacts

question

Herzberg's theory of job satisfaction proposes that every worker has two sets of requirements, which are ________.

answer

motivator and hygiene needs

question

________ allows people to organize and interpret information about a given target of perception, determine the way a target is perceived.

answer

Schema

question

When Janet Reams started her new job at Chrismer and Park Company, her supervisor was told that Janet had scored higher than any other applicant on the qualifying examination. After several weeks on the job, Janet's performance was excellent and far superior to others who had started work at about the same time. Her supervisor was later told that there had been an error and that Janet had scored about average on the qualifying exam. Janet may have benefited from ________.

answer

a knowledge-of-predictor bias

question

The MOST common internal attributions that people make include ________.

answer

ability, personality, and motivation

question

The ________ occurs when a manager thinks a subordinate's behavior is due to some innate characteristic rather than to the situation.

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

Individuals who are high on self-monitoring are more likely than individuals who are low on self-monitoring to ________.

answer

conform to situational norms

question

Individuals who are salient are often perceived in ________ inconspicuous members of a group.

answer

more extreme terms than

question

Leniency, harshness, and average tendency biases are problematic because they ________.

answer

impact evaluation accuracy and comparability

question

________ is the process by which the probability of a desired behavior occurring is increased by applying consequences that depend on the behavior in question.

answer

Reinforcement

question

The ________ occurs when a manager thinks a subordinate's behavior is due to some innate characteristic rather than to the situation.

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

Individuals who are high on self-monitoring are more likely than individuals who are low on self-monitoring to ________.

answer

conform to situational norms

question

Individuals who are salient are often perceived in ________ inconspicuous members of a group.

answer

more extreme terms than

question

Leniency, harshness, and average tendency biases are problematic because they ________.

answer

impact evaluation accuracy and comparability

question

If a worker is unable to learn to perform a complicated task all at once, ________ would be the MOST effective in encouraging employees to gradually acquire the skills and expertise needed to perform at an adequate level.

answer

Shaping

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of punishment?

answer

A manager repeatedly complains about personal calls on work time until the calls stop.

question

The generation of novel and useful ideas is defined as ________.

answer

creativity

question

According to ________, any attempt to understand how people learn must also take into account their feelings and thoughts and their observations of the world around them.

answer

social cognitive theory

question

An important issue to consider when implementing the organizational behavior modification process is that OB MOD ________.

answer

may encourage neglect of other, more difficult to measure behaviors such as organizational citizenship behaviors

question

ERG theory asserts that an individual who is frustrated in satisfying a higher-level need will ________.

answer

experience increased motivation to satisfy lower-level needs

question

Employees who have intrinsic work values will be motivated by ________.

answer

challenging assignments

question

Evaluating ________ has numerous disadvantages including ignoring situational effects, increasing the likelihood of lawsuits, and providing little motivation for change in the workplace.

answer

traits

question

The STRONGEST goals of the performance appraisal process are to ________.

answer

encourage high levels of worker motivation and performance and provide accurate information to be used in managerial decision making

question

During her 20-year career, Sue Riley has been an accountant, a roofer, a certified financial planner, and a small claims court judge. She also has managed a pizza restaurant, a plumbing store, and a sewer plant. This type of career is known as a(n) ________.

answer

transitory career

question

As college students prepare to graduate, they begin to try to find a job that will be a good start in the chosen career. Students try to learn as much as possible about potential jobs and organizations from sources ranging from college placement offices to career/job fairs to personal contacts. This is called the ________ stage.

answer

organizational entry

question

In what way do spiral careers differ from transitory careers?

answer

the relationship of jobs held to each other

question

A ________ reflects a one-time commitment to a certain kind of job that is maintained throughout a person's working life.

answer

steady-state career

question

The three basic types of information that can be assessed in performance appraisals are ________.

answer

traits, behaviors, and results

question

You, as a college student, are deciding the kind of career you want and determining the qualifications and experience you will need in order to land a good career-starting job. You are in the ________ career stage.

answer

preparation for work

question

All of the following are determinants of psychological contracts EXCEPT ________.

answer

education

question

Bob Shaffer is frustrated. He has been working for 22 years and feels his chances of obtaining a promotion or finding a new job with added responsibilities are insignificant. Bob just doesn't feel productive at times and knows the number of upper-level positions that would meet his needs is much smaller now due to downsizing. In which career stage is Bob?

answer

midcareer

question

The job characteristics model proposes that ________ of the five core dimensions of a job are the key determinants of intrinsic motivation.

answer

employees' perceptions

question

Which of the following statements on scientific management are FALSE?

answer

It embraces the principles of job enrichment.

question

The key outcomes of the critical psychological states in the job characteristics model do NOT include ________.

answer

high absenteeism and turnover

question

In the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job involves performing a whole piece of work from beginning to end is referred to as ________.

answer

task identity

question

A manager thought that his employee's jobs were simple and boring. He decided to add a few extra responsibilities to make work more exciting for his workers. The manager's strategy to make work more exciting will MOST LIKELY ________.

answer

work only for those employees that are intrinsically motivated

question

Which of the following quotes LEAST fits with the principles of the social information processing model?

answer

"Remember that time is money." Benjamin Franklin

question

________ outlines the job dimensions that lead to high levels of intrinsic motivation.

answer

The job characteristics model

question

Barbara Subaru is a secretary with a prestigious law firm who has observed that other secretaries with the firm receive better pay and have better working conditions than she does, even though she is more productive than they are. Equity theory would label Babara's condition as ________.

answer

underpayment inequity

question

Although John Gray is not enthusiastic about the pay for his job at Big Bucks Coffee Mill, he really enjoys the good relationships he has with his coworkers. According to expectancy theory, John's relationship with his coworkers has ________.

answer

high positive valence

question

The key challenge facing managers in terms of motivation is how to encourage employees to ________.

answer

contribute inputs to their jobs and to the organization

question

Mike Smith has led the company softball team to three straight league championships with his excellent pitching skills. Surprisingly, Mike dislikes softball, never practices, and is often bored while pitching in games. This incident illustrates that ________.

answer

performance and motivation are not the same thing

question

Which of the following is the correct order for the motivation equation?

answer

inputs, performance, outputs

question

Clara Williams perceives that if she can complete the training of 1,200 employees by the end of this year, she will get the promotion she desires. According to expectancy theory, Clara believes that the ________.

answer

instrumentality of completing the employee training is +1

question

All of the following represent a form of organizational justice EXCEPT

answer

institutional justice

question

When considering equity theory, which of the following is NOT an input?

answer

compensation

question

A factory worker really wants to move up in the corporation. He does his work, stays late, and is always looking for extra ways to help. He gets passed up for promotion after promotion. This will MOST LIKELY affect his ________.

answer

instrumentality

question

A small organization has only five employees. The employees are very close to one another and the office is like home, very safe and comfortable. However, it is a struggling business, so the employees are not making enough to get by. According to Alderfer, which of the following statements is FALSE?

answer

The employees may put even more effort into their relationships with one another.

question

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, once the shipwrecked Robinson Crusoe had made sure he was safe from attack and had secured food, water, and a place to stay out of the weather, the next need he needed to address was ________.

answer

belonging

question

According to expectancy theory, valence, instrumentality, and expectancy must be ________ in order for an employee to be motivated to perform desired behaviors and to perform them at a high level.

answer

high

question

According to equity theory, which of the following actions would an employee NOT take to restore equity?

answer

change the inputs for his own work

question

All of the following represent a form of organizational justice EXCEPT ________.

answer

institutional justice

question

Barbara Subaru is a secretary with a prestigious law firm who has observed that other secretaries with the firm receive better pay and have better working conditions than she does, even though she is more productive than they are. Equity theory would label this condition as ________.

answer

underpayment inequity

question

Bridgette notices that she and Daryll work the same amount with the same effort, but she gets paid less. Trish believes she is working less than Carol but getting paid more. All of this is creating tension in the workplace. The manager of this organization can BEST alleviate this tension by ________.

answer

improving perceptions of equity

question

ERG theory proposes that ________ pertain to having good interpersonal relations, sharing thoughts and feelings, and having open, two-way communication.

answer

relatedness needs

question

Which of the following is the LEAST LIKELY question that an employee would ask himself when thinking about what to do and how hard to try to succeed at work?

answer

How much money will the company gain from this work?

question

A company hires four new employees. Nick is very excited about starting his first job. Susan is younger than Nick but has already had several similar jobs. George has worked in the industry for 25 years. Lauren, also a seasoned worker, is a Type A personality. On their first day, they have lunch with co-workers who tell them many details about the company not mentioned in the interview. Using the social information processing model, who will be the MOST affected by the lunch with the co-workers?

answer

Nick

question

After employees are allowed to interact with customers or clients, and made responsible for managing these relationships and satisfying customers, which of the following core job dimensions would NOT increase?

answer

task identity

question

George is a mail carrier for the post office. While George enjoys his job and recognizes that he is making an important difference to people's lives, delivering their mail to them, he is bored with his job and wishes that he has more opportunities to learn new things and then use what he learned. George would be happier if he had more ________ in his job.

answer

skill variety

question

Jerry finds his job as an intensive care nurse very rewarding and challenging. No day is ever the same. Jerry's one complaint is that he does not always find out how his patients do after leaving his unit. On a whole he is satisfied with his schedule. Jerry will MOST LIKELY rank low in what core job dimension?

answer

task identity

question

Michael and Dan have each accepted jobs at the same hospital for the same salary, after graduating from medical school and completing their residencies together. After a few weeks on the job Michael is very excited about his working conditions at the hospital. Dan, however, is very dispirited. Which of the following questions would a proponent of the social information processing model be MOST LIKELY to ask?

answer

How do the people who work with Michael view the working conditions at the hospital? What about the people who work with Dan?

question

The information systems department at Wilson and Davis Co. was given the specific and difficult goal of learning how to program a new computer system within 20 days of the equipment's arrival. Although the department has experienced and qualified programmers, two months after equipment installation, the department has still not learned how to program the complex system. This incident illustrates that ________.

answer

goal setting may not work for complicated tasks that require a considerable amount of learning

question

The three individual differences identified by the job characteristics model that affect the relationships between the core dimensions and the psychological states and the relationships between the psychological states and the outcomes include ________.

answer

growth-need strength, level of knowledge and skills, and satisfaction with the work context

question

Tom Siegmund joined Chrismer and Park Co. as a security guard 30 years ago and after many years of hard work is now the company's security manager. Tom has received several job offers from other companies over the years, but has always chosen to stay with Chrismer and Park. Jesse Black is also a 30-year veteran who works as a clerk at Chrismer and Park. Tom and Jesse see each other only at the annual veteran's awards ceremony. This year, Jesse told Tom how unhappy he was in his work, but that he couldn't do anything about it because he had never received a job offer from another company. According to social information processing theory, if all other things are equal, Tom's job satisfaction is MOST LIKELY ________.

answer

higher than Jesse's, based on Tom's past choices and personal sacrifices

question

________ is a goal-setting process in which a manager meets periodically with his or her supervisor to set goals and evaluate how well previously set goals have been met.

answer

Management by objectives

question

________ is the process of linking specific tasks to specific jobs and of deciding what techniques, equipment, and processes should be used to perform them.

answer

Job design

question

Which is NOT one of the four functions of management that Organizational Behavior examines:

answer

Operating

question

All of the following describe learning EXCEPT

answer

a change in emotional state

question

Which of the following is an ethical dilemma?

answer

laying off a group of employees in order to ensure that another group can maintain their living standard

question

Companies that search for talent among the disabled, both genders, veterans, all ethnic groups, and all nationalities demonstrate a focus on workplace

answer

diversity

question

The Myers-Briggs Indicator is a questionnaire that:

answer

indicates personality types by looking at sensation, intuition, feelings, and thinking

question

According to Dan Pink's video entitled "The Puzzle of Innovation", Pink says that:

answer

traditional rewards to incentivize employees aren't as effective as autonomy, mastery and purpose

question

____________ is the extent to which people try to control the way they present themselves to others.

answer

Self-monitoring

question

Type A behavior is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a patient demeanor

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits McClelland determined are present in all people?

answer

the need for actualization

question

Laura enjoys her job as a teacher because she feels she is doing something important, even though the pay is poor and she receives little recognition in the community. Laura's work values are

answer

intrinsic

question

Examples of extrinsic work values are

answer

challenging work

question

If a bystander has an unconfirmed suspicion that you are using your cell phone to share classified information and they confiscate your phone to serve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, they are acting according to which Ethical Value:

answer

Utilitarian Value

question

___________ is the systematic application of the principles of operant conditioning for learning desired behaviors such as punctuality, safe work practices, and customer service.

answer

Organizational behavior modification

question

The _______ focuses primarily on work situation factors by breaking a job into its component elements.

answer

facet model

question

Herzberg's theory of job satisfaction proposes that every worker has two sets of requirements, which are labeled as

answer

motivator and hygiene needs

question

A manager implements new policies designed to make employees' work experience more favorable. According t the steady-state theory, the manager should expect that__________

answer

eventually all employees will find work as pleasant as they have typically found it.

question

The following four employees all feel committed to the organization they work for due to differing reasons. Jennifer feels it will be difficult to find a similar pension plan she has at another job. Mark has a high level of seniority at his current job. James feels satisfied because his organization makes great contributions to the community. Susan wants to ensure her family receives medical insurance. Based on this information, who is the MOST likely to display organizational citizenship behavior?

answer

James

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about schemas:

answer

They can be easily adjusted

question

The three components of perception are

answer

situation, perceiver, and target of perception

question

A(n) _____________ is a set of overly simplified and often inaccurate beliefs about the typical characteristics of a particular group.

answer

stereotype

question

As the ambiguity of a target increases, it becomes

answer

harder for perceivers to form accurate perceptions

question

___________ is an attempt to control the perceptions or impressions of others

answer

Impression management

question

Which of the following would LEAST LIKELY cause salience

answer

wearing a shirt and tie to an important business meeting

question

Requesting or forcing a worker to perform sexual favors in order to receive some opportunity or avoid a negative consequence is referred to as

answer

quid pro quo sexual harassment

question

Ray likes his friend and fellow student, Jeff, but Jeff always wants to talk about his days as a high school football hero because it makes him the center of attention. Ray has discovered that if he politely ignores Jeff when he begins to tell stories and encourages others to do so as well, Jeff soon quits relating the stories. This is BEST describes as

answer

extinction

question

Learning by watching another person perform a behavior is referred to as

answer

vicarious learning

question

A manager surveyed his employees to find out what motivates them at work. About 90% of the employees responded that they are primarily concerned with providing for themselves and their families. To keep his employees motivated, the manager is MOST LIKELY to

answer

use extrinsic motivation as much as possible

question

Which of the following are the components for the motivation equation?

answer

inputs, performance, outcomes

question

In ERG theory, __________ involve self-development and meaningful, productive work

answer

growth needs

question

Buck believes that if he competes in a rodeo and can stay on a bucking bronco for eight seconds, he will win a silver buckle that he would really like to have. However, he also believes that his chances of staying on the horse for that amount of time are zero. As a result, expectancy theory would MOST LIKELY predict that Buck will

answer

have zero motivation to compete

question

According to ____________, what is important to motivation is how an employee perceives his or her outcome/input ratio compared to the outcome/input ratio of another person

answer

equity theory

question

According to Dr.Travis Bradberrymwhich of the following is NOT a habit of ultra-reliable leaders referenced in his article

answer

They're visionary

question

According to Stacy Adams' equity theory, a _____________ is another employee or group of employees perceived to be similar to onself

answer

referent

question

All of the following represent a form of organizational justice EXCEPT

answer

institutional justice

question

______________ is the process of linking specific tasks to specific jobs and of deciding what techniques, equipment, and processes should be used to perform them.

answer

Job design

question

A researcher found that bricklayers could use five motions to lay a brick rather than 18 motions. A foreman who follows the __________ theory would be MOST interested in this knowledge

answer

scientific management

question

Many auto shops that promise oil changes in 30 minutes or less assign one person to put the car on the lift, a second to drain the old oil, a third to put in new oil, and a fourth to be sure the other jobs have been done and to check the other lubricants. This method of breaking down a job into these carious elements is know as

answer

simplification and specialization

question

Keith is responsible for testing products for safety before they are shipped. He is highly motivated to do a good job because he believes ensuring product safety is important to customers, the company, and fellow employees. The job characteristics model would MOST LIKELY rate Keith's job as having

answer

high task significance

question

The ____________ is the overall potential of a job to foster intrinsic motivation

answer

motivating potential score (MPS)

question

______________ is a goal-setting process in which a manager meets periodically with his or her supervisor to set goals and evaluate how well previously set goals have been met.

answer

Management by objectives

question

Rodney Lewis watched over 100 hours of videotaped heart operations. As a result, he has detailed knowledge of surgecal procedures he didn't have before. Although he's never performed the operation, learning has taken place (T/F)

answer

T

question

According to operant conditioning, an individual learns to engage in specific behaviors to receive certain consequences (T/F)

answer

T

question

Antecedents are instructions, rules, goals, or advice that help link behaviors and consequences (T/F)

answer

T

question

In operant conditioning, antecedents are the process by which the probability that a desired behavior will occur is increased by applying consequences that depend on the behavior in question (T/F)

answer

F

question

Managers who decide to use continuous reinforcement can choose from four schedules (T/F)

answer

F; Partial reinforcement

question

In operant conditioning only good behaviors can be reinforced (T/F)

answer

F

question

Employees who are paid $20 for every four coats they sew are being reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule (T/F)

answer

F; fixed-ratio

question

Reinforcement of successive and closer approximations to a desired behavior is known as shaping (T/F)

answer

T

question

Extinction is used in a situation where managers need to immediately reduce the occurrence of a certain behavior and do not have enough time to use punishment (T/F)

answer

F

question

Negative reinforcement reduces the probability of an undesired behavior (T/F)

answer

F; increases desired behavior

question

When punishment is used, managers need to be very careful that while eliminating the undesired behavior, they don't create excessive hostility or negative feelings (T/F)

answer

T

question

Organizational behavior modification can be used to discourage undesired organizational behaviors as well as to encourage the learning of desired organizational behaviors (T/F)

answer

T

question

Opponents of OB Mod complain that it involves expicitly manipulating consequences to control behavior which may rob employees of their freedom of choice (T/F)

answer

T

question

Difference between operant conditioning and social cognitive theory is that social learning theory incorporates cognitive processes whereas operant conditioning does not (T/F)

answer

T

question

When you model the study behaviors you observed in your classmate who is earning A's in course, you engage in vicarious learning (T/F)

answer

T

question

Employees with low self-efficacy who think they are unlikely to be able to learn a difficult task are likely to give up as soon as an obstacle appears of the going gets a little tough (T/F)

answer

T

question

In operant conditioning, learning occurs when the learner recognizes link between...

answer

Behavior and its consequence

question

in operant conditioning, instruction, rules, goals, advice from other members, and anything else that help workers realize what behaviors they should and should not perform and what are the likely effects for different behaviors are known as...

answer

antecedents

question

In an effort to use operant conditioning to reduce on the job accidents, the company decided to pay a bonus to all employees in a department that went 90 days without an on the job accident reported. This programmay unintentionally reinforce employees who...

answer

do not report on the job accidents

question

A Company gives its salespeople on the 15th of every month for superior performave. Reinforcement is on a ...

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

Certain number of desired behaviors must occur before reinforcement is provided with a...

answer

fixed ratio

question

What are the four schedules of partial reinforcement?

answer

Fixed & variable interval, fixed and variable ratio

question

Difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that punishment...

answer

discourages behavior by giving a negative outcome whereas negative reinforcement encourages a behavior by removing a negative outcome

question

Punishment_____ the probability of a(n) _____ behavior.

answer

reduces; undesired

question

Work motivation is a psychological factor that will directly affect work performance, all other things being equal (T/F)

answer

T

question

Three key elements of work motivation are direction of behavior, level of effort, and goal achievement (T/F)

answer

F; level of persistence not goal achievement

question

Intrinsically motivated behavior is performed not for its own sake but rather for its consequences (T/F)

answer

F; extrinsically

question

An employee's work motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic, but not both, and its important that managers identify which of the two is important to the employee (T/F)

answer

T?

question

Maslow's hirarchy of needs theory proposes that all human beings have five needs that they seek to satisfy: Psychological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. (T/F)

answer

T

question

What is the highest level need according to Maslow hierarchy of needs?

answer

Self-actualization

question

What are three types of needs in alderfer's theory?

answer

( ERG) Existence, Relative, Growth

question

Within expectancy theory, expectancy is an employee's perception about the extent to which his or her effort will result in a certain level of performance (T/F)

answer

T

question

Perceived relationship between a certain level of job performance or performance of certain behaviors and the receipt of a specific outcome is instrumentalitiy (T/F)

answer

T

question

Procedural justice theory focuses primarily on the relationship between inputs and outcomes (T/F)

answer

F; Distributive

question

Procedural justice is concerned with the fair and equitable distribution of outcomes across workers to encourage high levels of motivation. (T/F)

answer

T

question

Procedural justice theory is concerned about the actual distribution of outcomes (T/F)

answer

F; Not concerned

question

US Army's "Be all that you can be": Maslow's hieracy of needs theory would classify recruits who enlist in order to use all of their skills and abilities to the fullest extent as being motivated by....

answer

self-actualization needs

question

Mike Smith has led the company softball team to three straight league championships with his excellent pitching skills. Surprisingly, Mike dislikes softball, never practices, and is often bored while pitching in games. This incident illustrates that...

answer

Performance and motivation are not the same thing

question

Scientific management method was developed out of the US war effort in World War II

answer

T

question

In scientific management approach to job design, pay is the principal outcome used to motivate employees to contribute their inputs (T/F)

answer

T

question

Jobs that were designed under scientific management principles tended to be monotonous and dehumanizing (T/F)

answer

T

question

Job enlargement is also referred to as vertical job loading (T/F)

answer

F; enrichment or horizontal

question

Taylor developed this to increase performance of individual employees and believed there was only one best way to perform a job

answer

Scientific management

question

Method of breaking a job down in to doing one or just a few tasks is known as...

answer

simplification and secialization

question

Manager who measures exactly how long tasks take and works on developing ways to complete job in minimal time. Process he uses to develop optimal way to perform a task is known as...

answer

job enrichment

question

Job Enrichment is also known known as ...

answer

vertical job landing

question

Five core dimensions of the job characteristics model include...

answer

Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

question

In Job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires an employee to use a number of different skills, abilities, or talents is referred to as...

answer

skill variety

question

In Job characteristics model, the degree to which a job allows a worker the freedom and independence to schedule work and decide how to carry it out is known as...

answer

autonomy

question

SMART stands for...

answer

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

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