chapter 6 lifespan - Flashcards

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Sensation refers to

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stimulation of nerve cells in the sense organs.

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A wave of light proceeds through to the back of the eye where it encounters and stimulates a receptor neuron. What process has taken place?

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Sensation

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Nerves are stimulated during the process of _____, and the brain interprets this information in the process of _____.

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sensation; perception

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Perception is best defined as the interpretation of

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sensory input.

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Which of the following is the best example of a perceptual process?

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Realizing that the odor you smell is vanilla

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A wave of sound proceeds through the auditory canal to the inner ear where receptor neurons on the basilar membrane are stimulated. The neurons send a message to the brain. When the brain receives the message, the result is a person thinking, "That sounds like my mom calling me for dinner." What has taken place?

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Sensation and perception

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Constructivists are likely to say that perceptions are

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built with sensory experience

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If an adult were cloned, a constructivist would predict that once born, the clone would

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have to learn to perceive the world as meaningful.

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Who would be most likely to develop a theory hypothesizing that in order to interpret music, a person would have to hear many versions of the sound?

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A constructivist

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Nativists believe that

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humans have innate perceptual abilities.

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If an adult were cloned, a nativist would predict that once born, the clone would

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awaken with a meaningful understanding of the world.

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Peter believes that his newborn already detects a difference between when he walks away from her and when he walks toward her, and that she understands that these two actions will lead to different outcomes for her. Peter's beliefs are most similar to those of a(n)

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nativist

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Today, most developmental psychologists believe that sensations begin

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before birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic.

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Habituation is best defined as the process of "learning to be _____" with a stimulus.

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bored

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Glinda jingles her keys in front of baby Elphaba's face, and she watches and smiles. Glinda continues to bring her keys up and jingle them in front of Elphaba because she appears to enjoy this game. After a while, though, Elphaba seems to lose interest in the game and no longer focuses on the keys when Glinda jingles them. This illustrates the process of

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habituation.

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If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will orient toward the sound. After a while, it will appear to lose interest in the spinning blades. The phenomenon underlying the loss of interest is known as

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habituation.

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Dr. Violet is interested in how young children perceive color. In her study, Dr. Violet simultaneously shows young children two blobs of different color and measures the amount of time they focus on each blob. Dr. Violet's technique is known as a(n) _____ task.

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preferential looking

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On a preferential looking task, a researcher measures

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how long an infant views each of the objects presented.

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A(n) _____ task always involves attaching an electrode to a subject.

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evoked potentials

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In an effort to study the acquisition of speech, Dr. Verball reinforces an infant every time it makes a sound. Given this description, Dr. Verball's research method would best be described as a(n) _____ task.

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operant conditioning

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Within a minute after birth, a typical infant

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sees colors and can track slow-moving objects

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Visual acuity is defined as the ability to perceive

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detail

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If you want your two-week-old child to see you as clearly as possible, you should

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put your face within about eight inches of her eyes.

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Visual accommodation involves the ability of the _____ of the eye to change shape and bring objects into focus.

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lens

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Which of the following is true regarding newborn infants' vision?

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Much of what young infants see is blurry.

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In a normally developing human, mature color vision is achieved

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about three to four months after birth.

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Visual contour is specifically defined as the amount of _____ of a visual object.

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light/dark transition

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Which object would have the greatest amount of visual contour?

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A series of black circles on a white background

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Which of the following is LEAST likely to draw the visual attention of a young infant?

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A highly complex object

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Human infants prefer "top-heavy" patterns, including human faces. What makes a human face top-heavy?

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The eyes, hair, and upper part of the ear

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Martin Banks and colleagues suggest that _____ is the most important overall factor in determining what an infant will stare at the longest.

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whether or not the infant can see it well

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When looking at faces, infants between age one and two months shift from

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looking at the outer contour of the face to looking at the interiors of the face.

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The ability of an infant to perceive a meaningful facial form tends to occur

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around two to three months after birth.

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The tendency to perceive an object as not growing when it approaches our eyes, or shrinking as it moves away, is _____ constancy.

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size

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Which child has acquired perceptual size constancy?

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Raven, who looks out a window on a plane and realizes that people in the terminal look like ants but that they are actually much bigger.

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Three-month-old Jordan reacts as if he believes that the basketball he is playing with actually shrinks as it rolls away from him. This reaction would indicate that Jordan lacks

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size constancy.

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Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment demonstrated that infants develop _____ before their first birthday.

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depth perception

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When describing her research, Dr. Rebhuhn says, "Basically, I take young infants and place them on a supported piece of clear glass several feet off the ground. Then I measure whether the kid seems scared or not." Dr. Rebhuhn's research sounds like it involves the use of a

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visual cliff

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Ester is in a swimming pool. Her nine-month-old son Williams is sitting on a blanket three feet from the edge of the pool. Ester coaxes her child to crawl to her. If the depth of the water is lower than the top lip of the pool, Williams is most likely to

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crawl to the edge of the pool and stop.

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Testing infants of different ages with the visual cliff apparatus has found that

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two-month-old infants perceive drop-offs but do not fear them.

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Research by Campos and colleagues indicates that in infancy, the fear of drop-offs is likely related to the experience of

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falling.

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. Four month-old infants can best organize the world into distinct objects when the objects they are trying to make sense of are

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moving.

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Four month-old infants appear to use object _____ to determine whether two side-by-side objects are separate.

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shape

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While sitting in her playpen, four-month-old Kiko watches her cat knock a lamp off a dresser. As the lamp begins to fall, Kiko seems to know that the lamp will drop straight to the floor. This knowledge appears to indicate that Kiko instinctively understands

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Newtonian laws of object motion.

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Six-month-old Barbie watches as two dolls are placed behind a screen. When the screen is removed, Barbie sees either two dolls (possible) or one doll (impossible). Which of the following reactions is the infant likely to show?

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Barbie will look longer at the impossible outcome than the possible outcome.

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According to the intuitive theorist perspective, infants

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have innate knowledge of the world and can reason about the world like adults do.

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Which of the following is the best example of the infant as an intuitive theorist?

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Infants show surprise when a ball that is dropped behind a screen is later shown to be suspended in the air.

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Which statement would indicate that Tory is an intuitive theorist?

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Infants seem to perceive the world in a very adult-like manner.

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Typically, newborns can

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hear better than they see.

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The fact that newborns turn away from loud sounds indicates that they can

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localize sound.

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Concerning the ability of newborns to hear, research has shown that they can discriminate

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frequency, loudness, duration, and direction.

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How should you react to a policy that supports the initial testing of hearing at age three and a half years?

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Bad idea, because by that time those with significant hearing loss reach this age, they are at significant risk for life-long speech and language difficulties.

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When describing her son's recent surgery, Sheri says, "They connected a microphone on the outside of his head. Then they surgically ran a wire into his inner ear." This description indicates that Sheri's son had

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a cochlear implant

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Cochlear implants work by providing direct stimulation to the

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auditory nerve

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Which is a criticism of cochlear implants?

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Denies deaf children a chance to be part of the deaf community.

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A _____ is a basic sound used in human speech.

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phoneme

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The fact that two-month-olds can detect the difference between the sound "pa" and the sound "ba" indicates that they

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can differentiate phonemes

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Three-month-old infants can discriminate between phonemes. This means that they can discriminate between

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basic speech sounds.

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The advantage of being born with the ability to categorize sounds phonetically is that it

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biologically prepares a child to speak all human languages.

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Thirty-year-old Jiang has lived in China all his life and has only spoken in a common Chinese dialect. Jiang has an infant son named Woo. What linguistic advantage would Woo have over Jiang?

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Woo would be better able to distinguish between the "r" and "l" sounds.

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What can we conclude regarding developmental changes in speech perception?

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With age, we become more sensitive to sound discriminations that are relevant in our own language and less sensitive to sound discriminations that are irrelevant.

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Within days of their baby's birth, Ben and Jen are having an argument about their son. Jen claims that he recognizes her voice, but Ben says that this is impossible. Knowing the research in this area, you are able to tell them that

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Jen is correct (maternal voice recognition is evident a few days after birth).

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Mom Billie and dad Bob are discussing the abilities of their two-month-old son Thorton. Billie claims that Thorton can recognize both of his parent's voices. Bob says that Thorton cannot recognize either voice. If Thorton is a typical two-month-old, then who is correct?

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Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Billie's voice but not Bob's voice

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What was the key finding of the Cat in the Hat study on hearing?

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Voice recognition is influenced by prenatal experience.

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What is the best explanation for young infants' ability to recognize their mother's voices shortly after birth?

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Prenatal exposure to mom's voice

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The senses of _____ both rely on detection of chemical molecules.

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taste and smell

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Which is NOT one of the four basic taste perceptions?

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Fruity

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Newborns will produce certain facial expressions depending on the taste of the liquid that they are offered. They smile when offered sugar water and frown when offered quinine. This demonstrates that newborns

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can discriminate between various tastes.

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Mennella and colleagues found that infants who were fed sour-tasting formula

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preferred the taste of sour items when they were preschoolers.

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If a mother wanted to DECREASE the likelihood that her infant would grow into a picky eater later in life, she should

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give the infant a wide variety of foods.

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The sense of smell is also referred to as the sense of

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olfaction.

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Which statement is FALSE?

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Newborns tend to act favorably to the odor of ammonia.

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Skin receptors allow a person to sense all of the following EXCEPT

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balance.

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Premature infants who are _____ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this stimulation.

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stroked over their entire body

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If he were a typical baby, Apollo would show the most tactile sensitivity when he is stroked on his

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face

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Recent research has indicated that infants are more likely to survive heart surgery if they receive _____ during the operation.

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deep anesthesia that keeps them unconscious

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Breast feeding an infant who is receiving a vaccination

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reduces the behavior signs that they are in pain.

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Newborns look in the direction of a sound that they hear. They also try to grasp objects that they can see. This suggests that newborns

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can integrate two or more senses.

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Cross-modal perception is the ability to

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recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense.

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One-month-old infants were given either a smooth pacifier or one with hard nubs on which to suck. Although they had not seen the pacifier while sucking on it, when given the opportunity to look, the infants stared longer at the type of pacifier that they had sucked on. This shows that they have

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cross-modal perception

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Which of the following is NOT an example of cross-modal perception?

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Recognizing a person's face in a photograph that you have only seen in person one time

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All of the major sensory systems begin to function

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before birth.

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Research by Hubel and Wiesel on visual deprivation in cats demonstrated that

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visual deprivation led to permanent vision loss in kittens and but not adult cats.

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Rather than using the term critical period, it is more accurate to characterize the effects of early experience on vision as a "_____."

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sensitive period

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Lewis and Maurer (2005, 2009) provided evidence for multiple sensitive periods for vision that included all of the following EXCEPT a sensitive period for

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enhancement.

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Pearle was born with congenital cataracts. Her mother, Bailey, is a knowledgeable psychologist. As such, Bailey would know that in order to develop normal vision, Pearle should

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have cataract surgery as soon as possible.

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Research has shown that children who undergo surgery for congenital cataracts, but who missed out on early visual experience,

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are able to see details of faces, but have difficulty identifying different orientation of the same face

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When asked whether it is important for some sensory damage (e.g., congenital cataract) in an infant be treated early, a competent physician would say,

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"If you hope to achieve the best results, absolutely!"

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Which describes the "sleeper effect of early visual deficits?"

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If an infant does not experience normal visual experience, even after corrective surgery, it may never develop a normal perception of vision

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Research has shown that _____ need to be detected and corrected as early in life as possible.

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both hearing and visual problems

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Whose exploratory behavior would most likely involve mouthing an object to learn more about it?

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2-month-old Rachael

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Whose exploratory behavior would most likely just begin to involve exploring an item with both their eyes and hands?

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6-month-old Dick

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Perceptual development

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varies across cultures because of socialization differences.

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When 10- to 15-year-olds in Papua New Guinea are asked to draw pictures of the human body, they are most likely to

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scribble or draw tadpole-like forms

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The best definition of attention is that it involves

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cognitive focus on something in particular .

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As a typical four-month-old, Dakota's attention process is best described as

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being caught by objects in the environment

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The fact that infants' attention seems to involve reacting to environmental stimulation (i.e., an item catches their attention) rather than being deliberately focused, illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ system.

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orienting

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Which of the following is NOT a typical change in attention during childhood?

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Attention becomes more focused on irrelevant objects

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_____ attention is best defined as deliberate concentration on one thing while ignoring something else.

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Selective

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Which indicates that Maria has well-developed selective attention skills?

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She can pay attention to her teacher's voice while ignoring the voices of other students who are talking at the same time.

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The most effective way to increase the performance of a young child on a task requiring attention skills would be to

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decrease distractions.

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Vurpillot's (1968) study on the development of visual search found that

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young children conduct extremely unsystematic searches.

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Which theory suggests that motor development takes place over time through a self-organizing principle using sensory feedback?

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dynamic systems

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Which of the following is considered to be a fine motor skill?

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grasping a pencil

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Attention skills of adolescents are advanced relative to those of children. This advantage appears to be due, in part, to _____ commonly found in adolescents.

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myelination of brain cells

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Which of the following is a typical change in attention seen during childhood?

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Attention becomes less focused on irrelevant objects

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If you were experiencing tinnitus, you would

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hear ringing in your ears.

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Ozzie is planning on attending a very loud rock concert. As such, he should be prepared to experience _____ unless he takes precautions to protect his hearing.

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tinnitus

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Programs designed to effectively improve hearing protection in teens should

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reduce the stigma associated with wearing hearing protection.

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Adolescents are more likely to enjoy strong or strange tasting food because

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they have had more opportunities to learn to like them.

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Supertasters are people with

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more taste receptors than average.

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What type of food would be most likely to produce "chemosensory irritation?"

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A spicy hot jalapeño pepper

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Research has shown that _____ will make people perceive the juice as tastier.

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putting a few drops of orange food coloring into a glass of orange juice

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Compared to younger children, adolescents are more likely to

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enjoy a food item with a strong taste.

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Research on smell in adolescence has shown that

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both females and males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection.

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Sensory threshold is defined as the

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minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected.

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As a researcher focused on the issue of sensations, how would you most likely explain why older people tend to raise the volume on their television sets and use more seasoning (e.g., salt and pepper) on their food?

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Their sensory thresholds have increased with age.

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A study finds that 100 percent of 20-year-olds, 70 percent of 40-year-olds, and only 40 percent of 60-year-olds are able to detect the scent of a single rotten egg in a 10- by 10-foot room. A developmental psychologist would most likely explain this change in terms of a(n)

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Increase in olfactory sensory threshold

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About _____ percent of adults over age 90 have lost all functional vision

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7

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Which is the most common visual condition for a person over age 70?

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Presbyopia

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Seventy-year-old Vinita has been having difficulty seeing while driving at night. When she is seen by an optometrist, she is told that the problem is the fact that both of her lenses have clouded. The correct specific diagnosis would by that Vinetta has

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cataracts.

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Swen's doctor just informed him that in order to correct his visual problem, Swen must have his clouded lens replaced. This means that Swen's visual problem involves

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cataracts.

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A slow-reacting pupil is most likely to be responsible for

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difficulty with dark adaptation.

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When driving at night, an elderly person may have trouble seeing well when exiting a lighted freeway onto an unlighted road. The most likely cause of this trouble involves

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slower dark adaptation abilities

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Presbyopia

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leads to difficulty in seeing object that are nearby.

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When grandpa has difficulty reading a newspaper 20 inches from his face, but can clearly see the television that is 20 feet away, he most likely has

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presbyopia

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Which disorder results in the reduction in the ability to see close objects but does NOT impact the ability to see things at a distance?

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Presbyopia

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Because of recent advancements in surgical techniques to effectively treat cataracts, _____ has now become the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the United States.

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age-related macular degeneration

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Webster has just been informed that he is suffering from a visual problem that is destroying retinal cells responsible for central vision and that he will soon find reading nearly impossible. This diagnosis indicates that Webster has

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age-related macular degeneration

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Which issue cannot currently be treated either surgically or through the use of corrective lenses?

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Age-related macular degeneration

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Statistically, who is least likely (per mile driven) to be in an accident?

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Middle-aged drivers

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_____ is characterized by the deterioration of light-sensitive cells of the retina.

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Retinitis pigmentosa

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While they both significantly affect vision, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration differ in that retinitis pigmentosa _____ and age-related macular degeneration _____.

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impacts peripheral vision; impacts central vision

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Increased eye pressure that can eventually lead to blindness is called

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glaucoma.

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Older adults seem to have the greatest visual perceptual problems

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on tasks that are complex and novel.

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Woody has just been diagnosed with presbycusis. What is he most likely experiencing?

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He is having difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds.

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Which best describes the hearing of most older adults?

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Minor hearing loss especially for high-frequency sounds

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Which statement concerning speech perception in adulthood is true?

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Older adults are more likely to recall fewer details from a conversation that took place in a noisy restaurant

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The ability to taste _____ does NOT appear to decline with age.

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sweet candy

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Research findings from Murphy (1985) suggests that the ability of older individuals to identify food is most negatively impacted by

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losses in the ability to smell and cognitive declines impacting memory. losses in the ability to see and cognitive declines impacting memory.

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Old people are most likely to keep their homes too hot or too cold because

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they tend to be less sensitive to changes in temperature.

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In terms of their ability to sense pain, old people typically experience

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less sensitivity to mild pain.

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The brain's interpretation of sensory information is known as sensation.

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true

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Constructivists believe that we need experience in order to learn how to interpret our sensory experiences

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true

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Habituation refers to learning to be bored by repeatedly presented stimuli.

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true

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Visual acuity is defined as the ability to see depth.

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false

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Young infants appear to prefer visual displays that are dynamic and moderately complex

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true

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Intuitive theorists believe that infants are born with organized systems of knowledge.

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true

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Phonemes are the words used to produce a spoken sentence.

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false

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Newborns appear to be able to recognize the voices of both their mother and father.

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false

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Infants fed with sour formula later preferred the taste of sour foods.

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true

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Putting infants under deep anesthesia during surgery has been banned by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

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false

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. In order to ensure the most favorable long-term outcome concerning visual acuity, cataract surgery should be delayed until a child reaches at least age four years.

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false

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A child's attention span is typically more systematic than that of an infant.

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true

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Writing letters of the alphabet is a gross motor skill.

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false

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For adolescents, the most common outcome of exposure to loud noise is tinnitus

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true

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Age-related macular degeneration results in the destruction of the cells responsible for peripheral vision.

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false

question

Older adults have the greatest difficulty in processing visual information when the situation is familiar and the task is simple.

answer

false

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