Flashcards About Principles of Learning and Teaching

philosophy of education where a development of timeless virtues, such as justice, temperance, fortitude, and prudence are formed; instill knowledge for the sake of learning

philosophy of education that promotes and instills cultural literacy in all students; provides a common core of cultural knowledge

philosophy of education that uses student interests as the basis for ordering students' experience

philosophy of education that uses education to help solve significant social problems

philosophy of education which emphasizes self-actualization; blend the cognitive and the affective, help students assimulate knowledge in their daily lives; stress human values

philosophy of education that creates climate of freedom and choice where individuals can choose and be responsible for their decisions

1. nature-nurture 2. continuous vs. discontinuous development 3. one course or development of many

Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development?

a belief that same type of skills were there to begin with and needs to be developed a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerges at specific times

Stage theorists believe that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development. Others believe that people grow up in distinct contexts-- unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances resulting in different paths of change

an approach that views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows and that regards cognitive development as a continual process (Approach to Cognitivism)

an area of investigation that brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns

His social learning theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation and modeling. Key Terms: Modeling, reciprocal determinisim

His theory said learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structures

His idea was that children came to school to do things and live in a community which gave them real, guided experiences which fostered their capacity to contribute to society.

He focused attention on the idea of "developmentally appropriate education"—an education where environments, curriculum, materials, and instruction are suitable for students in terms of their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional needs. Sensorimotor: Birth-2 years Preoperational: 2-7 years Concrete operational: 7-11 years Formal operational: 11 years on

Socio-cultural theory focuses on how culture-- the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group--is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

He emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not the content of response that determines moral maturity. He organized moral development into three levels, each with two stages: Preconventional Level- morality externally controlled - Stage 1: Punishment/ Obedience orientation - Stage 2: The Instrumental Purpose Orientation (children realize ppl have different perspectives in moral dilemma) Conventional Level- morality good for positive social relationships -Stage 3: "The Good Boy--Good Girl" Orientation (desire to obey rules bc they promote social order) - Stage 4: Social-order-Maintaining Orientation (larger account of rules-- that of societal laws, no longer attached to close ties to others) Postconventional/ Principled Level- define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies - Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (regards laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes) - Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation (right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people)

His Taxonomy refers to a classification of learning objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Taxonomy divides educational life into 3 domains: Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor (knowing, feeling, doing).

"Thinking about thinking"

This learning theory views "organized knowledge" as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one's understanding of the world.(Concept of Cognitivism)

deals with transferring one's knowledge and skills from one problem-solving situation to another.

is a person's belief in his or her ability to succeed

Students can be taught to become more self-regulated learners by acquiring specific strategies that are both successful and enable them to increase their control over their own behavior and environment. (What Jimmy needs.)

is based on the idea that development is defined both by what a child can do independently and by what the child can do when assisted by an adult

type of conditioning refers to where the stimulus occurs just before the expected behavior is to occur. type of conditioning that adds the concept of a reinforcer or a reward.

in this 9 month period, the most rapid time of change occurs, a one-celled human person is transformed into a multi-celled human person with members and a remarkable capacity for adjusting to life in the surrounding world

this period brings dramatic changes in the body and brain that support the emergence of a wide array of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities; the beginning of language; and first intimate ties to others

The body becomes longer and leaner, motor skills are refined, and children become more self-controlled and self-sufficient. Make-believe play blossoms, supporting every aspect of psychological development. Thought becomes evident and children establish ties with peers.

Children learn about wider world and master new responsibilities that increasingly resemble those they will perform as adults. Hallmarks of this period are improved athletic abilities, participation in organized games with rules, more logical thought processes, mastery of basic literary skills, and advances in self, morality, and friendship

This period initiates transition into adulthood. Puberty leads to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity. Thought becomes abstract and idealistic, schooling increases for higher education the the world of work. Young people begin to establish autonomy from the family and to define personal values and goals

This period has moved beyond adolescence, but yet haven't fully assumed adult roles. This group intensifies their options in love, career, and personal values before making enduring commitments.

an approach that regards directly observable events--stimuli and responses; views the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning

Infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth

Preschool children uses symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe take place. However, lack logic of the remaining 2 stages.

Children's reasoning becomes logical. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclass; not yet abstract thinking.

The capacity for abstract, systematic thinking emerge when adolescents are faced with a problem

-learning style -gender -culture -socioeconomic status - prior knowledge/experience -motivation - self-confidence/ esteem -Cognitive development -maturity -language

-cognitive -auditory -visual -motor/ physical -speech/ language -behavioral

in this year: 1990 (ADA) (P.L. 101-336) was the most comprehensive civil rights legislation adopted to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities.

IDEA was originally enacted by Congress in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriate public education, just like other children.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a civil rights law designed to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

ELLs are a highly heterogeneous and complex group of students, with diverse gifts, educational needs, backgrounds, languages, and goals. Some ELL students come from homes in which no English is spoken, while some come from homes where only English is spoken; others have been exposed to or use multiple languages

is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning (influenced by a reward) within behaviorism. -"Law of Effect" lead to Operant conditioning -CAVD tests- early intelligence tests in arithmetic and vocabulary (led to modern day intelligence tests)

He assumed that behavior is observable and can be correlated with other observable events.Thus, there are events that precede and follow behavior. Behaviorism's goal is to explain relationships between antecedent conditions (stimuli), behavior (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect).

His hierarchy suggested that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs (physiological) before moving on to other, more advanced needs (self-actualizing: personal growth).

believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning.

theory emphasizes that at each Freudian stage individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that make them contributors to society Psychosocial Stages: Basic trust v. Mistrust (birth-1yr) Autonomy v. Shame (1-3yr) Initiative v. Guilt (3-6yr) Industry v. Inferiority (6-11yr) Identity v. Role Confusion (Adolescence) Intimacy v. Isolation (Emerging adulthood) Generativity v. Stagnation (Adulthood) Integrity v. Despair (Old Age)

is a theory of motivation concerned with supporting our natural or intrinsic tendencies to behave in effective and healthy way

It incorporates behavior modification in the sense that it emphasizes the idea that learners are strongly motivated by the pleasant outcome of being able to feel good about themselves.

Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. Rewards such as money or grades.

are those in which people will engage for no reward other than the interest and enjoyment that accompanies them

there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate or reduce the dissonance.

refers to where the stimulus occurs just before the expected behavior is to occur.

is a reward and punishment type of discipline

increased creativity through free-form; non-linear thinking; studying becomes self-directed learning

Modeling is a way to teach our rules. It involves demonstrating the specific behaviors and language patterns of an expectation in a way that grounds the rules in day-to-day experiences

behavior and conduct of a person is influenced by his social environment as well as personal factors

observational learning

emphasizes central role that experience plays in the process

Cognitive emphasizes emphasizes mental processes over affect Behavioral denies any role of subjective Experience and transforming it is where most learning occurs