Hist & Systems Test 5 – Flashcards
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For Wertheimer, rote memorization and/or rote learning ____.
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was inefficient compared to insight learning
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The Gestalt principles of organization ____.
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are present in the stimuli themselves
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Which of the following statements indicates how Gestalt psychology and behaviorism treated the study of consciousness?
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Gestalt psychology accepted the study of consciousness but criticized the attempt to analyze it into elements. Behaviorism refused to acknowledge the existence of consciousness.
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The Gestalt psychologists maintained that a correspondence called ____ exists between perceptual activity and brain activity.
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isomorphism
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An analysis of an overt behavior in Lewin's system requires a consideration of ____.
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goals ***WRONG
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Complete the following analogy: Field of force: ____:: ____: Psychology.
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Physics; Gestalts
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Köhler's research on Tenerife ____
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was analyzed based solely on his descriptions of incidents
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In the Gestalt view, learning entails ____.
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a restructuring of the psychological environment
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According to Lewin, life space ____.
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corresponds to all the events that can influence a person's behavior
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The most outstanding feature of Lewin's social psychology is ____.
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group dynamics
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One of the major reasons that Gestalt psychology failed to become popular in the United States apparently was ____.
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American scholars' belief that Gestalt theory had only to do with perception
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Köhler's basic criterion for intelligence was ____.
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the ability to solve problems
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Köhler argued that trial-and-error learning ____.
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was a consequence of not allowing the subject to see the whole situation
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In Germany, the Gestalt protest of Wundt's system was ____.
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considered to be heresy
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In what way was the phi phenomenon a challenge to Wundt's system?
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The phi phenomenon could not be reduced to its basic elements.
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For the school of Gestalt psychology, "form" was ____.
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a creation of the mind
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According to Köhler, insight involves ____.
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an immediate apprehension or cognition of relationships
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The observation that an undone task is remembered until completed is an illustration of ____.
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the Zeigarnik effect
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Maslow's notion of self-actualization was partially based on ____.
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the personal characteristics of Max Wertheimer
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Perhaps the best known of the books written by the Gestalt psychologists, The Mentality of Apes, ____.
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documented animals' purposeful behaviors to solve problems
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The notion that form is a property of objects is ____.
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a definition of "Gestalt"
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Gestalt psychology started as a movement opposed to ____.
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Wundt's approach
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Perhaps the major contribution of Gestalt psychology to contemporary systems was the ____.
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legitimization of conscious experiences
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Gestalt psychologists believed that ____.
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there is more to perception than meets the eye
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The focus of Lewin's system was on ____.
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motivation
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For Mach, sensations are ____.
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independent of the elements of which they are composed
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The spontaneous understanding of a phenomenon is called ____.
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Einsicht
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The thrust of Gestalt psychology's attack on behaviorism focused on the latter's ____.
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reductionism
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____ was the spokesman for the Gestalt movement who studied the thinking processes of chimpanzees, left Germany because of his anti-Nazi activities, came to the United States, and eventually became president of the American Psychological Association.
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Wolfgang Köhler
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Contrary to the notion of a passive mind, as portrayed by the British empiricists, the German philosopher Kant held that the mind ____.
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actively organizes sensory information according to a mechanical process of association ***WRONG
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The importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate was that the experience supported ____.
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the Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered
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Köhler reported that he was "shocked" by ____.
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Wundt's notion that psychological facts are composed of inert atoms
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"Apparent movement" is another term for ____.
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the phi phenomenon
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The attitude toward sex in the Vienna of the Victorian era was ____.
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permissive and open
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The concept of childhood sexuality can be traced to ____.
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Romanes ***WRONG
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Freud proposed that ____.
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nothing in a dream is without a cause
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The person who most strongly influenced humane reforms for the mentally ill in the United States was ____.
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Dix
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According to Freud in his first lecture at Clark University, psychoanalysis originated with ____.
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Breuer
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Monads were defined as ____.
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individual elements of all reality, similar to perceptions
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Freud argued that whether an event happened in childhood ____.
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is less important than the patient's belief that it occurred
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Rush's treatment techniques reflect ____.
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All of the choices are correct.
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By the 1930s and 1940s, psychoanalysis ____.
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was wholeheartedly embraced by the American public
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Freud proposed that neurotic behavior did not develop in persons who ____.
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led a normal sex life
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A topic addressed by psychoanalysis and essentially ignored by the other schools of psychology was ____.
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the unconscious
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A basic difference between psychoanalysis and the other systems of psychology was that ____.
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the other systems had an academic background and a focus on pure science
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"A new movement requires something to revolt against"; Freud opposed the current trends in ____.
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the treatment of mental disorders
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The notion of the pleasure principle was borrowed by Freud from ____.
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Fechner
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Freud's infamous use of cocaine ____.
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extended to middle age
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Psychoanalysis was eradicated in Germany by ____.
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the Nazi party
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Who was the first to argue that hysteria did not have a physical basis?
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Janet
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Freud's investigative approach was ____.
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to consider evidence as he alone interpreted it
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Which of the following is an original idea created by Freud, and not his predecessors?
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None of the above.
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During his Clark University lecture, Freud proposed that psychic traumas are ____.
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affect-laden events
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Triebs were, in Freud's system, ____.
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humans' motivating forces
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Freud's position on reductionism was that ____.
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all phenomena can be reduced to the principles of psychology ***WRONG
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Currently known data fragments indicate that Freud was first apprised of the role of sexuality in hysterical symptoms by ____.
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Charcot
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In the case of Anna O., the recollections she revealed while under hypnosis involved ____.
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ideas or experiences she found disgusting
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For Herbart, like James Mill, ideas influence one another ____.
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mechanically
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Freud's interest in a scientific strategy to acquiring knowledge has been attributed to his reading of ____.
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Darwin
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Experimental research on Freudian theory has shown that ____.
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All of the choices are correct.
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Freud's major work is considered to be ____.
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The Interpretation of Dreams
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By the 18th century, abnormal behavior was deemed to be ____.
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irrational behavior
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"Little perceptions" were ____.
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below consciousness
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The American public was primed for Freud's work because of ____.
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Bruce's seven books and some five dozen magazine articles on the unconscious
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Freud's view of instincts is that they are ____.
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sources of stimulation and motivation within the body
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According to Freud, the "third shock" to the collective human ego was the realization ____.
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that humans are not the rational commanders of their lives
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Freud found that the free association method ____.
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did not always operate freely because of resistance
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The psychic approach to mental illness was encouraged in the U.S. by ____.
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Emmanuel Church Healing movement
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In Freud's system, personality development is built on the ____.
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psychosexual stages
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The beginning of psychoanalysis is considered to be indicated by the publication of ____.
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Studies on Hysteria
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____ is the process of forcefully ejecting or excluding from consciousness any unacceptable ideas, memories, and desires.
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Repression
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Charcot and Janet had practiced ____ prior to Freud's work on the same idea.
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hypnosis
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According to Freud, the biological, need-related part of everyone's personality is the ____.
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id
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The techniques of Mesmer ____.
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were investigated and he was discredited and often involved convulsions
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The 1998 call for positive psychology has ____.
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resulted in a strong increase in number of publications dealing with positive emotions
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Inferiority feelings, according to Adler, develop in ____.
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everyone
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The ego psychologists emphasized the influence of ____ while de-emphasizing the role of ____.
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social forces; biological forces
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Jung's concept of the personal unconscious ____.
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contains individual experiences that have been suppressed or forgotten
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Play therapy, a standard technique of contemporary psychotherapy with children, was introduced by ____.
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Anna Freud
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The ____ is/are often experienced in the form of emotions associated with significant life events or reaction to extreme danger.
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archetypes
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For Jung, sexuality was ____.
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one of several needs that required satisfaction
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Adler's concept of the creative power of the self reflects his rejection of ____.
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determinism
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Freud selected Jung to be the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association because ____.
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Jung was not Jewish
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In order to achieve their goal of making psychoanalysis a part of scientific psychology, the ego psychologists ____.
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All of the choices are correct
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Maslow ____ with the criticism that his research ____.
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agreed; lacked scientific vigor
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For Klein, the adult personality is rooted in the nature of the mother-child relationship in the first ____ of life.
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six months
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To become self-actualized, one must first satisfy basic needs in the ____.
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hierarchy of needs in humans
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In contrast to Freud, object relations theorists believe that personality is formed ____.
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throughout the life span ***WRONG
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In Jung's system, the self is ____.
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a drive toward self-actualization
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Within the personal unconscious, patterns of emotions and memories with common themes are called ____.
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complexes
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Maslow called the intensification of experiences felt with emotions such as wonder and awe ____.
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a peak experience
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Which aspect of Adler's system has led to the most research?
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birth order
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It is the judgment of humanistic psychologists themselves that they ____.
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did not become a formal school of thought
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For the most part, Jung's ideas have not influenced the field of ____.
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psychology
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The humanistic theme that psychologists should study the best as well as the worst of human characteristics was reinstated by ____.
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positive psychology
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The view that individuals must guide their lives by their own interpretation of events rather than by the beliefs of others is a fundamental principle of whose system?
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Rogers
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Just as with Wundt's experimental psychology, within ____ years of its founding, Freud's system was splintering.
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20
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Jung's theoretical system is known as ____.
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analytical psychology
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According to Jung, our individual storehouse of repressed memories, impulses, and wishes is the ____.
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personal unconscious
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The major difference between positive psychology and both humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis is that positive psychologists tend to use ____ while the other two approaches tend to use ____.
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rigorous experimental methods; subjective case histories
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In general, the designation "third force" applies to ____.
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humanistic psychology
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As he himself acknowledged, Adler's childhood experiences are a direct reflection of his concept of ____.
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inferiority
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When the child responds to anxiety arising from parental actions by using unchanging behavioral strategies, he/she is exhibiting ____.
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a neurotic need
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In Rogers's formulation, the urge toward self-actualization is ____.
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All of the choices are correct
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The spiritual father of humanistic psychology is considered to be ____.
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Maslow
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Klein suggested that the ____ is the first part-object for the child.
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mother's breast
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Adler held that behavior is determined primarily by ____.
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social factors
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Like Freud, Jung's theory ____.
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was autobiographical
