Psych ch6 – Flashcards

learning is defined as

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.

Sally feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, really hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel sick. In this scenario, Sally is demonstrating learning through:

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

Tina’s eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a:

In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog’s salivation in response to the food was the _____.

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

Tyler’s grandmother has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. Because she really looks forward to his e-mails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the e-mails have stopped. As a result, his grandma checks her e-mail only every few days. If this pattern continues, Grandma will completely stop checking her e-mail. This proves that Tyler is a bad grandson, but in terms of classical conditioning, this is known as _____.

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics. Every time Ronald had a drink, it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent, which made him throw up. After experiencing this pattern for several weeks, Ronald started to dislike alcohol – a lot. He did not drink for seven months. However, one day as he was walking past a new bar, Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink. In this scenario, Ronald’s sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the _____.

Electric shocks and nausea-inducing substances are examples of noxious stimuli that are used in aversive conditioning. Which of the following is true with regard to experiments that pair alcohol with nausea-inducing agents to treat alcohol addiction?

Jacob, a police officer, wants to train his new dog, Rover. Jacob buys a “zap collar” that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog whenever it pulls on the leash. After wearing the collar for a few days, Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the leash. Consequently, Rover stops pulling on the leash. In this scenario, which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline Rover?

Mark has been unable to sleep for the past week. His wife gives him a regular vitamin pill, but she tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next morning, Mark is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, Manny’s response to the vitamin can be attributed to _____.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time. As a result, Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework; she always submits it on time. In this scenario, Jenny’s behavior illustrates _____.

Tom is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Tom using to motivate his students to work harder?

Grant, a high-school student with absolutely no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting failing grades in school. This scenario is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as:

While on her way to work, Martha was going 60 in a 30 and was consequently pulled over for the first time. She was required to pay a huge fine. Since then, she has maintained a consistent speed of 30 miles per hour while driving, whether or not there are posted speed limits in place. In this scenario, Martha is demonstrating _____ learning.

Shirley repeatedly ends up receiving bad grades in Algebra no matter how hard she studies. Eventually, Shirley stops studying for Algebra tests and accepts that nothing she does will help her get good grades. In this scenario, Shirley’s behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?

Joseph, a three-year-old boy, is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry. Consequently, whenever Joseph sees a person in a white lab coat, he starts crying. In this scenario, Joseph’s behavior best exemplifies _____.

Henry, a five-year-old boy, knows that when he goes shopping with his mother and throws a fit, he will not get a treat. However, when he goes shopping with his father and throws a fit, he will get a treat. Henry’s learning in this scenario is an example of _____.

Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

Carol is training her dog to sit on command. Each time he sits in response to her command, she gives him a treat. In the context of operant conditioning, Carol is using a _____ to train her dog.

Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham relies on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a _____.

Jenna receives a bonus for performing well. Instead of buying herself something nice, she saves her money with the intention of buying a house after a few years. In terms of reinforcement and punishment schedules, Jenna demonstrates _____ in this scenario.

A process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing a model get in trouble is called _____ in observational learning.

Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer’s swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea’s act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates instinctive drift in biological constraints in learning?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in psychological constraints in learning?