Biology Module 4 (Study Guide Questions) – Flashcards

Common to the majority of fungi: extracellular digestion, chitin, mycelia, hyphae, cells, rhizoid hyphae Present in only some: stolons, caps and stalks, sporangiophores, haustoria, motile spores, septate hyphae

Typically, we see only the fruiting body of a mushroom. Like an iceberg, that visible part is only a small fraction of the total mushroom, because the mycelium is the largest component of a mushroom.

Septate hyphae have cell walls to separate the cells while non-septate hyphae do not.

Rhizoid hyphae- support the fungus and digests the food Stolon- asexually reproduces Sporophore- releases spores for reproduction Haustorium- invades the cells of a living host to absorb food directly from the cytoplasm

Stolons and sporophores are aerials.

A sporangiophore produces its spores in an enclosure; a conidiophore does not.

Basidiomycota- Form sexual spores on club-like basidia Ascomycota- Form sexual spores in sac-like asci Zygomycota- Form sexual spores where hyphae fuse Chytridiomycota- Form spores with flagella Deuteromycota- Fungi with no known method of sexual reproduction Myxomycota- Fungi that look like protozoa for much of their lives

A mushroom begins life as a small mycelium that grows from spores which have come from another mushroom. As the mycelium begins .to grow, it might encounter a compatible mycelium. As the two mycelium intertwine, their hyphae will sexually reproduce. Eventually, the newly-produced hyphae will form a complex web and enclose themselves in a membrane. When the hyphae are formed in the membrane, we say that the mushroom has reached the button stage of its existence. At that point, the hyphae begin filling with water quickly, and eventually the stipe and cap (the fruiting body) of the mushroom break through the membrane. The fruiting body of the mushroom releases its spores, which will grow into new mycelia if they land in suitable habitats.

Mushrooms form spores on basidia that exist in the gills of the cap, puffballs produce spores on basidia enclosed in a membrane, and shelf fungi produce spores on basidia in pores on the fruiting body.

An alternate host is used by a parasitic fungus at some stage in its life. It is not the host that the fungus spends most of its life on; rusts use alternate hosts.

Yeast are best known for fermentation. They belong to phylum Ascomycota.

In budding, the offspring stays attached to the parent until it has grown. In bacterial asexual reproduction, the offspring grows on its own.

1) rusts - crop damage 2) smuts - crop damage 3)ergot of rye - death 4) Cryphonectria parasitica - chestnut blight 5) Ophiostoma ulmi - Ditch elm disease 6) Synchytrium endobioticum - potato wart

Bread mold can asexually reproduce when a stolon elongates and eventually starts another mycelium. It can also asexually reproduce when an aerial hypha forms a sporophore (typically a sporangiophore). Sexually, bread molds reproduce when two mycelia form a zygospore.

If we do not know what its sexual mode of spore formation is, we put it in phylum Deuteromycota.

If an antibiotic is used too much, resistant strains of the pathogen it is supposed to destroy can be formed.

Penicillin is extracted from a fungus in the genus Penicillium

In its feeding stage, a slime mold is a plasmodium. During that time, it resembles organisms from kingdom Protista

Keep the habitat dry, and all slime molds will die.

Fungi participate in mutualism by forming lichens and mycorrhizae. A lichen is a mutualistic relation ship between a fungus and an alga. The alga produces food for both creatures via photosynthesis, and the fungus supports and protects the alga. Mycorrihizae are mutualistic relationships between a fungus' mycelium and a plant's root system. The mycelium takes nutrients from the root while it collects minerals from the soil and gives them to the root.

A soredium is the specialized spore produced by most lichens. It contains spores for both the fungus and the alga.