question

ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey

answer

A surveying standard jointly proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping that incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.

question

Archaeological survey

answer

Used to accurately assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a landscape or to accurately record finds on an archaeological site.

question

As-built survey

answer

A survey carried out during or immediately after a construction project for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An ____ survey also known as a 'works as executed survey' documents the location of the recently constructed elements that are subject to completion evaluation. As built surveys are typically presented in red or redline and overlayed over existing design plans for direct comparison with design information.

question

Bathymetric survey

answer

A survey carried out to map the topography and features of the bed of an ocean, lake, river or other body of water.

question

Boundary survey

answer

A survey that establishes boundaries of a parcel using its legal description, which typically involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel, often in the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt.

question

Deformation survey

answer

A survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. The three-dimensional positions of specific points on an object are determined, a period of time is allowed to pass, these positions are then re-measured and calculated, and a comparison between the two sets of positions is made.

question

Engineering surveys

answer

Those surveys associated with the engineering design (topographic, layout and as-built) often requiring geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practise.

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Foundation survey

answer

A survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.

question

Geological survey

answer

Generic term for a survey conducted for the purpose of recording the geologically significant features of the area under investigation. .

question

Hydrographic survey

answer

A survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the coastline and seabed for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.

question

Measured survey

answer

A building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process "as built survey"

question

Mortgage survey or physical survey

answer

A simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. In many places a mortgage survey is required by lending institutions as a precondition for a mortgage loan.

question

Soil survey, or soil mapping

answer

The process of determining the soil types or other properties of the soil cover over a landscape, and mapping them for others to understand and use.

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Structural survey

answer

A detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or other structure and to highlight any work needed to maintain it in good repair.

question

Tape survey

answer

This type of survey is the most basic and inexpensive type of land survey. Popular in the middle part of the 20th century, _____ while being accurate for distance lack substantially in their accuracy of measuring angle and bearing. Standards that are practiced by professional land surveyors.

question

Topographic survey

answer

A survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

question

survey

answer

document that includes information on land elevations, which are indicated either with spot elevations or continuous contours.

question

what is the maximum slope on which it is feasible to plant grass?

answer

25%

question

what is the recommended maximum slope for a paved parking area?

answer

5%

question

node

answer

a center of interest that people can enter, such as a plaza, a public square, or the intersection of paths.

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landmark

answer

a point of reference and a device for wayfinding and symbolic identification of an area.

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district

answer

a two-dimensional area that people perceive as having a common identifying character and that is critical to the sense of neighborhood.

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edge

answer

a linear element other than a path that forms a boundary between two districts or that breaks continuity.

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catchment area

answer

the area surrounding a land development site, encompassing the population base that the development is meant to serve.

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contextualixm

answer

the belief that new buildings should be designed to harmonize with other building and elements in the vicinity.

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demographics

answer

the statistical data of a population, such as age, income, and so forth.

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personal space (personal distance)

answer

the subjective distance or area surrounding a person's body into which a person feels comfortable allowing others to intrude, depending on the situation. The four types of personal space are intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance.

question

Planned Unit Development (PUD)

answer

a large parcel of land, typically with a mix of uses, that has been designed and laid out according to principles approved by the local planning authority and often with citizen input. A PUD is commonly used to develop land in a way that ordinarily would not be allowed based on normal planning and zoning restrictions of a jurisdiction.

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proxemics

answer

a term coined by Edward T. Hall and now used to describe the study of the spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication, and social interaction.

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superblock

answer

a large parcel of land designed to minimize the impact of the automobile on residential development in which access to interior lots is provided by cul-de-sacs branching from surrounding streets and providing one or more open spaces.

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tax base

answer

the object on which a tax is calculated.

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40'

answer

what is the minimum outside radius for an automobile cul-de-sac with no parking?

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Crown

answer

High point, in the center to ensure positive drainage to either side

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Retention Pond

answer

Prevents excessive storm-water runoff on a site from overloading the storm sewer system by temperately holding the water and releasing it at a controlled rate

question

Bioswale

answer

Allows sediment to settle while water drains into the ground

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Infiltration Basin

answer

pond that temporarily collects water and allows it to be released through absorption into earth. helps recharge water onsite rather than into storm sewer, which is what a catch basin does.

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15%

answer

slope is the maximum for automobile ramps where pedestrians are prohibited

question

12%

answer

maximum slope for automobile ramps where pedestrians are allowed.

question

Runoff Coefficient

answer

Fraction of total precipitation falling on a surface that runs off the surface or is not absorbed into the ground. Ranges from 0.0 - spongy soil to 1.0 - totally waterproof. Q=CIA

question

4 ft

answer

Reinforced concrete or masonry retaining walls are usually necessary when the height of the wall exceeds

question

Deed of Trust

answer

written document that primarily describes the owner of the property and from whom it was purchased.

question

Plat

answer

a legal description of a subdivided piece of property that includes information on lots, streets, rights-of-way, and easements, among other items

question

Metes and Bounds

answer

written description of the boundaries of a parcel of land.

question

Geotechnical Consultant

answer

or soil engineer, performs test on site and in the laboratory to determine, among other things, the bearing capacity of the soil.

question

Public Work Department

answer

Responsible for design and maintenance of a city's road drainage, which would be part of the storm sewage system.

question

2% slope

answer

1/4 in per foot

question

1% slope

answer

1/8 in per foot

question

Boulevard

answer

Multilane roads in each direction with parking lanes, often separated by a planing median or with wide planting areas on both sides. 100 ft. to 130 ft.

question

Utilities

answer

are most commonly locate anywhere in the right-of-way from buildable properties.

question

300 sqft.

answer

per car to estimate parking lot size if it includes the parking space, access, and fairly efficient driveways

question

400 sqft.

answer

per car to estimate parking spaces, drives, and walkways

question

Acre

answer

44,000 ft/ac

question

5 ft

answer

minimum width for a sidewalk

question

12 ft

answer

Minimum width of circulation in a parking area.

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Zoning Regulations

answer

governs the minimum number of parking and loading spaces required on a site.

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ADA-ABA Accessibility Guidelines

answer

gives requirements for the number, size , and configuration of accessible spaces

question

Zoning

answer

uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).

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Incentive Zoning

answer

encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.

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Nonconforming Use

answer

A type of zoning variance where a parcel of land may be given an exception from current zoning ordinances due to improvements made by a prior owner or before the current zoning ordinances made the desired use non-conforming under local law.

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Conditional Use

answer

A building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood)

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Variance

answer

applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to devaite from an ordinance in order to avoid harship

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Spot Zoning

answer

a change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area

question

Ordinance

answer

a municipal law

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Setbacks

answer

required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness.

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Building Line

answer

Utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns. They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening.

question

Easements

answer

Legal right of government or another land owner to use one's property for a specific purpose

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Scenic Easement

answer

Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public.

question

Assessment

answer

Valuation of property for the purpose of taxes

question

Business Improvements Districts

answer

used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area's appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes.

question

Eminent Domain

answer

power of the state to take private property without owner's consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way).

question

Deed Restrictions

answer

place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can't be changed by future owners.

question

Restrictive Covenant

answer

limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/ campers).

question

Affirmative Covenant

answer

Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo).

question

Conditional Covenant

answer

If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs.

question

Right-of-Way

answer

Right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives).

question

French Drain / Drain Tile

answer

Is a type of Perimeter foundation subsurface drainage system.

question

Recess Line

answer

Is the top of the full width plane of a building facade

question

Zoning Ordinance

answer

Commonly regulate the max area of external signage.

question

Proctor Test

answer

Determines the optimum compaction of site fill based out its density and optimum moisture content.

question

Dry Sample Boring

answer

boring using a drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill; sampling pipe driven down about 5", then lifted out and the contents removed for analysis; samples taken every 5"

question

Soil Load Test

answer

The design load of soil by applying steady increasing loads on a platform placed on the site.

question

1:12 (8.33%)

answer

max slope of a curb cut out (ramp).

question

1:20 (5%) slope

answer

Walks should not have a gradient greater than ____.

question

1:20

answer

5% slope

question

1:50 (2%)

answer

Max cross gradient of a walkway.

question

Battering

answer

is the sloping or recessing of successive courses of stone or masonry to help resist soil thrust and overturning.

question

Silt Fence

answer

a temporary construction practice designed to filter water runoff from a construction site and trap sediments before it is washed into drains.

question

grain shape

answer

allows engineer to estimate shear strength

question

grain size of soil (for granular soils)

answer

allows engineer to estimate permeability, frost action, compaction, and shear strength

question

hardpan definition

answer

consolidated mixture of gravel, clay, and sand; good foundation base

question

clay definition and properties

answer

fine-grained, firm, cohesive material formed by decomposition and hydration of certain rock; plastic when wet and hard when dry; relatively impervious; swells when it absorbs water

question

dry sample boring

answer

boring using a drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill; sampling pipe driven down about 5", then lifted out and the contents removed for analysis; samples taken every 5"

question

data used to describe climate

answer

range and distribution of temperatures, hours of sunshine, direction and velocity of wind, precipitation, humidity

question

human comfort zone

answer

65-70 degrees with 30-60% relative humidity

question

ideal orientation for a structure in the northern hemisphere

answer

slightly east of south

question

possible reduction in air conditioning installation and operation costs, due to sun shading devices

answer

15% or more

question

maximum wind velocity and corresponding pressure in most of the United States

answer

70-80 mph, or 13-17 psf at a height of 30'

question

definition of U-factor

answer

measure of heat transmission, in BTU/hr that pass through 1 SF of a surface when the air temperature difference is 1 degree F between inside and outside

question

three paths of water in the water cycle, after falling on land

answer

runoff, infiltration, evaporation (directly or by transpiration from plants)

question

geologic features of floodplains

answer

water table is near the surface, drainage is generally poor, soil is deep and uniform, soil often subject to large volumetric changes when wet

question

zone of aeration

answer

higher underground zone, where spaces between soil particles contain both water and air

question

zone of saturation

answer

lower underground zone where all void spaces between soil particles are filled with water

question

ground water table

answer

surface forming the irregular boundary between zone of aeration and zone of saturation; the level below which all soil is saturated

question

effects of high water table on construction

answer

waterproof basement, basement walls must resist hydrostatic pressure, underground tanks and other structures designed to resist uplift, bearing capacity of foundation soils reduced

question

definition of aquifer

answer

underground permeable material through which water flows

question

good aquifers

answer

sand, gravel, sandstone, some limestones

question

poor aquifers

answer

clay, shale, most metamorphic and igneous rocks

question

soils in order from greatest to least bearing capacity

answer

bedrock, shale/slate, boulders, decomposed rock, hardpan, gravel, coarse sand, fine sand, silt/mud, clay

question

gravel size and definition

answer

1/4" - 3 1/2" granular rock particles; good for foundations; anything bigger is a cobblestone or boulder

question

sand size and definition

answer

0.002" - 1/4" loose granular rock particles. Neither plastic nor cohesive; good for foundations

question

size and definition of silt

answer

less than 0.002" fine-grained sedimentary material deposited from running water; forms mud (plastic, soft, sticky) when mixed with water

question

slate and shale definition

answer

fine-textured soft rocks

question

decomposed rock definition

answer

disintegrated rock masses that were originally solid

question

definition of quicksand

answer

mixture of sand and moving water; unsuitable for any construction

question

test pits

answer

simple excavations that allow visual inspection of soil layers; costly, not generally dug below water table

question

augur borings

answer

2"-2 1/2" auger fastened to a long pipe or rod is used to collect soil sample; stops at first obstruction so it is most effective in sand or clay and for depths not to exceed 50 ft.

question

wash boring

answer

boring made with 2"-4" dia. pipe containing a smaller jet pipe through which water is forced; used to locate bedrock up to 100' deep when the soil is too compact for an auger

question

core boring

answer

boring made with a diamond drill; can penetrate through all materials to great depths; more costly than most other methods; most reliable method

question

specific gravity of soil

answer

determines void ratio

question

liquid and plastic limits in cohesive soils

answer

give compressibility and compaction values

question

water content in cohesive soils

answer

gives compressibility and compaction values

question

void ratio

answer

determines compressibility of the soil

question

unconfined compression, in cohesive soils

answer

allows and estimate of shear strength

question

What are the three aspects of staying in budget?

answer

scope, quality and cost

question

differential settlement (definition)

answer

uneven soil settlement that can cause cracks or failures in the foundation

question

minimum footing depth in a freezing climate

answer

1 foot below the frost line (depth below which the soil does not freeze)

question

necessary considerations when building on a clay subsoil

answer

Clay may swell when wet and shrink when dried, causing earth movement. This is more of a problem near the soil surface, where variations in moisture are more common. Problems particularly occur when some footings are close to the surface (subject to soil movement) and other footings are deep.

question

Considerations when dealing with footings in sloping layers of earth

answer

Sloping layers of earth tend to move as a mass when exposed to excessive rain or moisture. This may cause buildings or power poles to tilt.

question

Problems caused by soil moisture

answer

Higher levels of moisture reduce soil's bearing load capacity. Water can leak into the basement. Water can cause disintegration of certain building materials.

question

types of asphalt paving

answer

asphaltic concrete, cold laid asphalt, asphalt macadam

question

hydrostatic pressure

answer

Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium, due to gravity. Causes water to leak into basements through cracks, joints, or even the porous concrete.

question

capillary action

answer

The attraction of water molecules to soil particles. It is responsible for moving groundwater from wet areas to dry areas.

question

maximum desirable slope of sidewalks (when accessibility is not a factor)

answer

10% maximum or 15% for short ramps

question

drainage tile system (diameter, installation, and purpose)

answer

Should be minimum 6" diameter, laid in gravel at least 6" below the lowest floor slab, with wire screening over open joints to prevent clogging and a layer of straw on top of the gravel to prevent dirt from clogging the system. Diverts water away from the foundation.

question

strategy to combat capillary action in slab on grade installations

answer

pour the slab over several inches of gravel fill to prevent water being drawn into the slab by capillary action

question

waterstop

answer

continuous extruded plastic or polymer strip that is set along a concrete joint (commonly between a slab on grade and foundation wall) to seal against water penetration

question

Organic fill

answer

Undesirable and should be replaced with compacted granular materials prior to foundation placement.

question

artificial hardpan

answer

Method of improving compressible soil by blending sand, gravel, or crushed rock into the compressible soil.

question

Methods to improve soil density (higher soil density results in higher strength)

answer

Reduce void volume by adding a compacted layer of cinders or ash; improve subsurface drainage; use a large number of short piles in the ground to compress the upper layer of earth; use heavy machinery such as sheepsfoot rollers.

question

Problem with overcompaction

answer

Soil strength may be improved, but overcompaction can produce an unstable soil structure, resulting in serious heaving of the earth.

question

surface water management (definition)

answer

design of drainage patterns that 1) do not disrupt the natural drainage of the site and 2) increase the capacity of the drainage system if the development results in increased runoff.

question

things that affect the amount of runoff on a site

answer

intensity and duration of storms, size of area drained, soil porosity, slope, vegetation cover, and porosity of site improvements

question

Standard on which surface water drainage system is based

answer

Most severe storm expected every 5, 10, 25, or 50 years. A 5-year storm might be the basis for a residential design, but 25- or 50-year storm might be used for a shopping center.

question

Three types of drainage systems

answer

surface "sheet flow", surface flow in gutters, underground pipes

question

slope of finished grade for drainage away from building

answer

2% away from building

question

Drainage ditch slope

answer

2% - 10%

question

Maximum slope of grass covered earth

answer

25% (to prevent erosion; facilitate mowing)

question

Maximum slope of unmowed ground cover (e.g. ivy)

answer

up to 50% if soil is stable

question

check dams (definition)

answer

small dam which lowers the speed of water flow in order to prevent erosion

question

Minimum slope and placement for underground stormwater drainage

answer

0.3% minimum to allow self-cleaning; should be placed far enough underground to avoid damage from vehicles and prevent freezing

question

maximum desirable slope of grassy recreation area

answer

3%

question

minimum and maximum slope for streets

answer

minimum 0.5% (rarely 0.25%) for drainage; maximum 10% for ease of driving (may be up to 17% - trucks in low gear)

question

level grade (slope and suitable activities)

answer

under 4%; suitable for most construction and activity courts such as soccer, basketball, etc.

question

easy grade (percent slope and suitable activities)

answer

4%-10%; buildings with more complex foundations / road design / utilities; informal activities such as hiking

question

steep slope (percent grade and suitable uses)

answer

greater than 10%; suitable only for expensive construction (complicated foundation and utility connections), often with split-level design; very limited recreation uses

question

minimum slope for drainage of open land

answer

0.5% (some ponding will occur)

question

minimum slope for drainage of planted area or large paved area

answer

1% minimum

question

reason tree stumps must be completely dug out during site preparation

answer

they will eventually rot and leave undersirable voids, causing differential settling

question

Alternative method of staking a building site that does not result in lost corner stakes

answer

Batter boards with string lines marking the limits of excavation

question

maximum slope of a permanent cut

answer

1 1/2 horizontal to 1 vertical

question

maximum slope of a permanent fill

answer

2 horizontal to 1 vertical

question

Rough grading (definition)

answer

addition or removal of earth prior to the start of construction

question

finish grading (definition and accuracy)

answer

final distribution of earth at the conclusion of construction; may include placement of topsoil for landscaping; usually accurate to within 1"

question

backfill best practices

answer

should be deposited in layers 6-12" thick and compacted to avoid settlement; should be free of organic material that might later disintegrate and form voids; backfill over drain lines should be free of rock or other material that could crack the lines

question

foundation (definition)

answer

part of the structure that transmits the building's loads to the soil

question

footing (definition)

answer

parts of a foundation that are widened to spread the load over a larger area of soil

question

types of shallow foundations (shallow spread footings)

answer

column footing; wall footing; combined or cantilever footing; mat footing (AKA raft foundation); boat footing

question

column footing (definition)

answer

square or rectangular pad that spreads the column load over a larger area of soil

question

wall footing (definition)

answer

continuous spread footing that spreads the wall load over a larger area of soil

question

combined or cantilever footing (definition)

answer

when a column footing abuts the property line, these types of footings are used to connect the exterior column footing to the first interior column footing

question

raft or mat footing (definition)

answer

one large footing under the entire building that distributes the load over the entire building area

question

boat footing (definition)

answer

one large footing under the entire building, placed at a depth such that the weight of soil removed from the excavation is equal to the load of the new building (little or no additional load is added to the underlying soil)

question

types of deep foundations

answer

piles (assumed to be driven), drilled piles, drilled caissons

question

methods of load transfer for piles

answer

skin friction between the pile and surrounding soil; end bearing where the load is supported by rock or firm subsoil under the pile tip

question

materials used for piles

answer

wood, steel, concrete, or composite of two materials; choice depends on size of load and potential for deterioration due to moisture; concrete is generally suitable under all conditions

question

ways to determine safe carrying capacity of a pile

answer

pile-driving formulas, static pile formulas, pile load tests (most dependable)

question

drilled pile (definition)

answer

vertical shaft drilled into the ground and filled with concrete; transmits the load by skin friction

question

drilled caisson (definition)

answer

vertical shaft drilled into the ground and filled with concrete; transfers load by end bearing; bottom of the shaft is often enlarged (belled) to form a larger bearing area

question

use of steel casing during construction of drilled piles or caissons

answer

keeps the shaft walls from caving in; removed as the concrete is poured

question

caisson used in bridge construction

answer

box or cylinder shaped structure sunk into a wet area to allow construction within the box under dry conditions

question

cofferdam (definition)

answer

sheet piling sunk into a wet area so that the water can be pumped out and construction takes place in the dry area (used for bridge piers, etc.)

question

sheeting (definition)

answer

temporary wall of wood, steel, or precast concrete to retain soil around an excavation during construction

question

slurry wall (definition)

answer

type of sheeting used in areas of soft earth with a high ground water table - a narrow trench is filled with slurry of bentonite clay and water (to resist inward hydraulic pressure and prevent cave-in), reinforcing steel is lowered into the trench, and concrete is placed from the bottom up (displacing the slurry, which is pumped out and recycled)

question

rakers (definition)

answer

diagonal braces that help sheeting to resist soil pressure; not ideal because they interfere with excavation process

question

tiebacks (definition)

answer

method of bracing sheeting by using cables driven into earth or rock behind the sheeting and anchor expanded at the end of the cable

question

underpinning (definition and 2 common methods)

answer

support for an existing foundation or wall being extended downward to the level of a new, deeper foundation. Common methods are needle beams or pipe cylinders with hydraulic jacks.

question

thickness of asphalt surface for a road

answer

2-3" depending on amount of wear expected

question

asphaltic concrete (definition)

answer

asphalt cement and graded aggregates, proportioned and mixed at the plant, spread over a firm foundation at the site, and rolled while still hot

question

cold laid asphalt (definition)

answer

same as asphaltic concrete but cold liquid asphalt and aggregates are used

question

asphalt macadam (definition)

answer

a base of crushed stone, gravel, or slag is compacted to a smooth surface; sprayed with asphalt emulsion or hot asphalt cement; covered with fine aggregate; and rolled until the small aggregate fills the voids in the coarse aggregate

question

methods to address steep grade changes

answer

masonry or concrete retaining wall; concrete or stone battered wall; cribbing; stone riprap

question

considerations in selecting plants for landscaping

answer

environmental suitability, visual effect, future growth patterns, spacing, overall pattern, ability to withstand anticipated traffic, maintenance requirements

question

aspects of climate that are affected by landscaping

answer

solar radiation (may absorb up to 90%), wind (can reduc by 90%), heat radiated from the ground (can reduce daytime temperature by up to 15 degrees), and humidity

question

trees used to capture moisture and reduce fog

answer

needle-leafed trees

question

three aspects of project design, of which one must always be flexible

answer

scope of work, quality, and cost

question

two important factors that affect site development costs

answer

1) characteristics of the site and 2) design of the development

question

site design approaches to minimize cost

answer

1) locate buildings on gently sloping land; 2)locate buildings where there is already positive natural drainage; 3) arrange vehicular circulation systems to follow topo contours; 4) locate parking lots on relatively level ground; 5) Locate buildings to minimize the new utility runs required; 6) Locate site improvements to utilize existing vegetation; 7) Locate improvements away from rock, organic soil, or areas of high water table; 8) coordinate location of new with existing facilities; 9) select appropriate finish materials; 10) select indigenous plants; 11) consider operation and maintenance costs for site lighting

question

zoning envelope (definition)

answer

volume within which a building may be placed on the given site

question

purposes of setbacks

answer

provide light and ventilation to building interiors, inhibit spread of fire to adjacent buildings, minimize conflict between street traffic and off-street activities

question

FAR / floor area ratio (definition)

answer

ratio of total building floor area to total site area; restricts building bulk to encourage openness, light and air

question

variance (definition)

answer

deviation from the precise terms of a zoning ordinance, granted when a literal application would be an undue hardship to property development

question

conditional use

answer

provides flexibility in a zoning district by allowing particular uses only after specified conditions are met, a public hearing is held, and approval is given by the local governing body

question

spot zoning

answer

condition where individual parcels are rezoned to a different designation than the surrounding parcels

question

contract zoning

answer

an agreement between a developer and local government - usually involves the development meeting more stringent requirements than required by the zoning ordinance, in exchange for benefits

question

incentive zoning

answer

waiver of some zoning requirements (e.g. height increase) if the developer provides bonus features (e.g. street widening, unobstructred views, inclusion of retail space in an office building, provision of public walkways, or open space preservation)

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