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Common Noun

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The general, not the particular, name of a person, place, or thing

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Noun

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word or group of words that names a person, place, or thing

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Proper Noun

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The official name of a person, place or thing eg Fred, Paris, Washington

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Abstract Noun

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Name of a quality or a general idea eg Democracy, persistence

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Collective Noun

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A noun that represents a group of persons, animals, or things eg family, flock, furniture

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Pronoun

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A word that takes the place of a noun, another pronoun, or a group of words acting as noun. e.g The STUDENTS wanted THEIR test papers graded and returned to THEM in a timely manner

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Personal Pronoun

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Refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea by indicating the person speak (1st person), the person or people spoken to (2nd person), or any other person, place, thing, or idea being talked about (3rd person). WE were going to ask YOU to give THEM a ride to the office

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Possessive Pronoun

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A form of personal pronoun that shows possession or ownership That is MY book

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Adjective

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A word, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun (the BIOLOGY book) or a pronoun (He is NICE). It answers what kind, which one, how many, how much,

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Verb

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A word or phrase that is used to express an action or state of being. They express time through a property called the tense. Present (works), past (worked), future (will work).

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Linking Verb

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Does not show action. Link or join the subject of the sentence to a noun, pronoun, or predicate adjective. e.g. To be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been OR they relate to 5 senses: look, sound, smell, feel, and taste OR reflect a state of being: appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, and remain

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Adverb

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Word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The nurse wears VERY colorful uniforms

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Affect

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When used as a verb it means to influence or change; The chemo therapy affected (changed) my daily routine. When used as a noun, affect is an emotional response or disposition. The troubled teenager with the flat affect (disposition) attempted suicide.

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Effect

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As a noun it means "result or outcome": The chemotherapy had a strange effect (result) on me. As a verb it means "to bring about or accomplish": As a result of the chemotherapy, I was able to effect (bring about) a number of changes in my life

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Among

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Use to show a relationship involving more than two persons or things being considered as a group. "The professor will distribute the textbooks among the students.

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Between

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Shows relationship involving two persons or things. "I sit between Holly and Jo in class" or to compare one person or thing with an entire group. "Whats the difference between this book and other grammar books?" OR to compare two things in a group if each is considered individually. "I can't decide between the chemistry class, the biology class, and the anatomy and physiology class.

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Amount

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Used when referring to things in bulk. "The nurse had a huge of amount of paperwork"

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Number

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is used when referring to individual, countable units. "The nurse had a number of charts to complete."

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Good

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Use good before nouns (He did a good job), and after linking verbs (She smells good).

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Well

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When modifying a verb, use the adverb well (She plays softball well), It is used as an adjective only when describing someones health (She is getting well)

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Bad

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An adjective before nouns (He is a bad teacher) and after link verbs (That smells bad) same as good vs well

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Badly

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Use as an adverb to modify an action verb (The student behaved badly in class) SAME as good vs well HINT: Do not use Badly (or other adverbs) when using linking verbs that have to do with senses. Say "You felt bad" to say "You felt badly" implies that something was wrong with your sense of touch. Say "The mountain air smells wonderful" to say "The mountain air smells wonderfully" implies that the air has a sense of smell that is used in a wonderful manner

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Bring

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Conveys action toward the speaker- to carry from distant place to a near place. "Please bring your textbooks to class"

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Take

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Conveys action away from the speaker- to carry from near place to a distant place "Please take your textbooks home"

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Can

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Can and could imply ability or power "I can make an A in that Class

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May

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May and might imply permission "You may leave early

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Farther

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Refers to measurable distance "The walk to class is much farther than I expected"

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Further

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Refers to figurative distance and means "to a greater degree" or "to a greater extent" : I will have to study further to make better grades. It also means moreover (Further/Furthermore, let me tell you something) and "in addition to" : The student had nothing further to say.

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Fewer

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Refers to numbers- things that can be counted or numbered- and is used with plural nouns. (The professor has fewer students in his morning class than he has in his afternoon class

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Less

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Refers to degree or amount- things in bulk or in the abstract- and is used with singular nouns (Fewer patients mean less work for the staff) Less is also used when referring to numeric or statistical terms (It's less than 2 miles to school. He scored less than 90 on a test. She spent less than $400 for this class. I am less than 5 ft tall.

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i.e

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(that is) specifies or explains (I love to study chemistry, i.e., the science dealing with composition and properties matter

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e.g.

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(for example) I love to study chemistry, e.g., chemical reactions, atomic structure, and molar relationships.

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Learn

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To receive or acquire knowledge (I am going to learn all that I can about Nursing)

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Teach

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To give or impart knowledge (I will teach you how to convert decimals to fractions)

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Lie

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To recline or rest. The principle parts of the verb are: lie, lay, lain, and lying. Forms of lie are NEVER followed by a direct object ex: I lie down to rest I lay down yesterday to rest I had lain down to rest I was lying on the sofa To determine lay/lie substitute place, placed, or placing, if it makes sense lay is correct if not lie is correct

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Lay

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To put or place. The principle parts are: lay, laid, and laying. Forms of lay ARE followed by a direct object. ex. I lay the book on the table I laid the book on the table yesterday I have laid the book on the table before I I am laying the book on the table now.

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Which

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Used to introduce nonessential clauses. A nonessential clause adds information to the sentence but is not necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear (Use commas to set off a nonessential clause) ex. The hospital, which flooded last July, is down the street.

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That

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used to introduce essential clauses. An essential clause adds information to the sentence that is needed to make the sentence clear. (Do not use commas to set off an essential clause.) ex. The hospital that flooded last July is down the street; the other hospital is across town.

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Who

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Use who or whoever if he, she, they, I, or we can be substituted in the who clause. ex. Who passed the chemistry test? He/She/They/I passed the chemistry test

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Whom

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Use whom or whomever if him, her, them, me, or us can be substituted as the object of the verb To whom did the professor give the test? He gave the test to him/her/them/me/us

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Adverb

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A word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. ex. The physician operates QUICKLY The nurse wears VERY colorful scrubs The student scored QUITE badly on the test

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Preposition

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A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. A compound preposition is a preposition that is made up of more than one word. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun (ex: Sam left the classroom AT NOON) ex of common prepositions: in, into, to, over, past, beyond, during, from, for, unlike, until, up, upon, without, within

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Conjunction

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A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses. Words that serve as coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, so, nor, for, and yet. "The nurse asked to work the late shift BUT her request was denied. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words or phrases (e.g., NEITHER the nurse NOR her assistant could read the handwriting.) Neither and Nor -ALWAYS together Either and Or - ALWAYS together

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Interjection

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A word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation ex. Yikes, Whew, Well

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Clause

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A group of words that has a subject and a predicate

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Independent Clause

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Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence (The professor distributed the examinations)

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Dependent Clause

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A dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (after, because, before, until, since, when) and does not express a complete thought and therefore cannot stand alone (As soon as the students were seated) When a sentence begins with a dependent clause, use a comma to set it apart from the independent clause.

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Direct Object

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The person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb. It answers the question what or whom after a transitive verb. The students watched the PROFESSOR distribute the examinations The professor answers whom the students watched

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Indirect Object

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The person or thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb. A sentence can have an indirect object only if it has a direct object. An indirect object answers the question to whom, to what, or for what after the action verb They come between the verb and the direct object. The professor gave HIS CLASS the test results. His class comes between the verb (gave) and the direct object (test results) and it answers the question whom.

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Phrase

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A group of two or more words that acts as a single part of speech in a sentence . It lacks a predicate and a subject

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Predicate

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The part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject. It includes the verb and all the words that modify the verb

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Predicate Adjective

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Follows the linking verb and helps to explain the subject. My professors are WONDERFUL

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Predicate Nominative

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A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and helps to explain or rename the subject. Professors are TEACHERS

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Sentence: Declarative

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Makes a statement I went to the store.

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Sentence: Interrogative

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Asks a question Did you go to the store?

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Sentence: Imperative

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Makes a command or request. Many Imperative sentences do not seem to have subjects, rather an implied subject. When we say "Stop that now" the subject is you, it's implied Go to the store.

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Sentence: Exclamatory

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Makes an exclamation You went to the store!

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Subject

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A word/phrase/clause that names whom or what the sentence is about

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Subject-Verb agreement

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A subject must agree with its verb in number. LOOK IN BOOK

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Comma in a compound sentence

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2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor) place a comma before the conjunction

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Run on Sentence

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Two or more complete sentences written as if they were one sentence.

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Pronoun Case

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Case: The form of a noun or pronoun that indicates its relation to the other words in a sentence. There are 3 cases: Nominative, objective, possessive.

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Eliminate Euphemisms

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Harsh, blunt, or offensive. Instead of saying they are dead you say they have passed away.

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Eliminate Sexism

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It is not longer appropriate to say he/him when referring to a hypothetical person. The doctor as he or the nurse as she. Use firefighter instead of fireman. The doctors helped their patients- incorrect because their is a plural pronoun that is being used in a place of a singular noun- The patients are helped by their doctor.

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