Sociology 151 Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Sociology
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The scientific study of societies and human social behavior.
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Human behavior
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The basic premise of sociology is that __ is largely determined by the groups to which people belong and by the societies in which they live.
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Lens
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Sociology is a __ at which we view the world. It is also a sociological imangination to see the world.
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Sociological perspective
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Emphasizes the powerful role that group membership and social forces play in shaping behavior. It also concentrates on human groups and their multiple influences on human behavior.
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Social interaction, Social relationships
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Sociologist focus on __ & __ rather than on individuals.
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Perspective
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A point of view or a distinctive way of viewing something.
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Beliefs, values, and behaviors
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A key insight of the sociological perspective is that __, __, & __ are relative to particular groups of societies and can be understood only in the context of those affiliations.
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Globalization
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Trends toward increasing interconnectedness bewteen different peoples around the world and the growing unification of social and cultural life.
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Group members, social interaction, and social relationships
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__, __, & __ are at the center of sociologists' attention.
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Introspection and insight
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The sociological perspective offers a special awareness of the world that enables people to approach their own lives with __ & __.
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Sociological Imagination
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The ability to understand the relationship between what is happening in people's personal lives and the social forces that surround them.
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Science
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A method of obtaining objective and systematic knowledge through observations.
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Social sciences
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The disciplines that use the scientific method to study human behavior, groups, and society.
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Theories and reasearch
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The practice of sociology involves two key elements: __ & __.
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Theories
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Embody the sociological perspective.
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Reasearch
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Based on the scientific method.
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Theoretical perspective
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Provides some fundamental assumptions about the nature and operation of society and commonly serve as sources of the more specific theories.
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Functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism
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Most sociologists today are guided by one or more of the following theoretical perspectives: __, __, & __.
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Macrosociology and microsociology
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Functionalist and conflict approaches are frequently referred to as: __ & __.
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Macrosociology
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Focus on large groups, social institutions, and society as a whole.
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Microsociology
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Concentrates on the intimate level of everyday interactions between people.
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Functionalist perspective
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Society is a system made up of a number of interrelated and interdependent elements, each performing a function that contributes to the operation of the whole.
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Family, education, economy
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The elements of sociology include __, __, & __.
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Family
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Provides for the bearing and rearing of children untill they can live on their own.
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Educational insitutions
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Provides training in the various skills needed to fill jobs in society.
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Economy
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Responsibly for producing food, clothing, and other necessities needed by families to survive as well as providing the books and other supplies needed for education.
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Social roles, social groups, and subcultures
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In addition to institutions, society is also made up of __, __, & _, and all these parts fit together into a reasonably well integrated whole.
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Conflict perspective
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Based on the idea that society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the scare societal resources that are considered valuable. It may be the money, power, prestige, or the authority to impose one's values on society.
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Karl Marx
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Provided the foundation for the conflict perspectve.
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Interactionist perspective
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Focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather than on large societal structures such as politics and education.
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Definition of the situation
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Refers to people's perceptions and interpretations of what is important in a situation and what actions are possible or appropriate.
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Reasearch methods
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A detailed plan made by sociologists that specifies how observations will be made in order to test the hypotheses.
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Observational techniques, surveys, and experiments
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The three methods most commonly used by sociologists.
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Observational techniques
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The direct observation of behavior by sociologists, either by seeing or hearing what people do.
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Surveys
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The collection of data by asking people questions about their behavior or attitudes.
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Experiments
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A controlled method of observation in which independent variables are maniplulated in order to assess their effects on a dependent variable.
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Problem formulation, design development, data collection, data analysis, drawing conclusions, public dissemination of findings
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Six common steps in conducting research.
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Reactivity
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The fact that people react to being studied and may behave differently from the way they do when they don't think they are being studied.
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Ethics
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The proper or improper behavior with moral duty and obligation.
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Auguste Comte
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Considered to be the father of sociology because he was the first person to use the term "sociology"
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Basic and applied sociology
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Two types of sociology.
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Basic (pure) sociology
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Sociological research whose purpose is to advance our knowledge about human social behavior with little concern for any immediate practical benefits that might result.
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Applied sociology
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Research and other activities designed to focus sociological knowledge or research toolds on a particular problem identified by some client with some practical outcome in mind.
