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phonics

answer

the connection between the sounds and letters on a page

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graphemes

answer

letters

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phonemes

answer

individual sounds - small sound units; the smallest contrastive unity in a language system, the representation of a sound

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phonemic awareness

answer

The ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes.

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Phonological awareness

answer

an awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of language

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onset

answer

beginning sound of a word or syllable

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rime

answer

ending sound of a word or syllable

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Commutative Laws

answer

say we can swap numbers over and still get the same answer; changing the order of addends or factors, does not affect the sum or product; a + b = b + a; a × b = b × a

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Associative Laws

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say that it doesn't matter how we group the numbers (i.e. which we calculate first);the order in which the numbers are grouped, does not affect the sum or product; (a + b) + c = a + (b + c); (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)

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Distributive Laws

answer

says adding two or more numbers together, then multiplying the sum by a factor is equal to multiplying each sum alone by the factor first then adding the products; 3 lots of (2+4) is the same as 3 lots of 2 plus 3 lots of 4; So, the 3× can be "distributed" across the 2+4, into 3×2 and 3×4; a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c

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Additive Identity

answer

is 0; if you add zero (0) to an addend, the sum will be equal to that addend; a + 0 = a

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Multiplicative Identity

answer

is 1; if you multiply a factor by one (1), the product will be equal to the factor; a X 1 = a

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student centered models

answer

inquiry, discovery, cooperative, pair-share, jigsaw, STAD, teams, games, collaborative learning,concept models, discussion models, labs, project-based learning, simulations

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age equivalent score

answer

mean chronological age represented by a certain test score

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casual relationship

answer

explains why behaviors occur

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goodness of gift

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a concept that refers to a match of the child's temperament and the demands of the environment

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primary individual differences

answer

individual experiences, talents, motivations, and prior learning (SCHEMA)

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interovserver

answer

between testers

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accomodation

answer

Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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metacognition

answer

A term used to describe what, how, and why people know what they know when they know it.

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Erik Erikson

answer

8 stages of psychological development - Psychosocial development (trust vs. mistrust)

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learning approach

answer

a language acquisition theory that assumed that language development evolved from learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement

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linguistic approach

answer

a language acquisition theory that states that language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level

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cognitive approach

answer

a language acquisition theory that states that children acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language

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sociocogmitive approach

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a language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development

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minimal pair

answer

a pair of words that are identical except for the sound repesented by a single phoneme

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morophology

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the study of word structure

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semantics

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refers to the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way

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syntax

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refers to the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words

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pragmatics

answer

the development and understanding of the social relevance of conversation and topics

question

stages of 2nd language acquistion

answer

1. pre-production - understands but cannot speak target language 2. early production - can produce target language 3. emergent speech or speech emergence - longer more complex sentences are used in social situations 4. intermediate fluency - more complex language can be produced 5. advanced fluency - may appear to be completely fluent but still needs academic and language support

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Jim Cummins

answer

two types of language that usually need to be acquired by students learning English as a second language: BICS and CALP

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BICS

answer

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills

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CALP

answer

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency

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indicators of age/language acquisition

answer

2 yrs - speech patterns that are about 70% intelligible 3 yrs - speech patterns that are about 80% intelligible 4 yrs - speech patterns that are about 90% intelligible 5 yrs - speech patterns that are about 100% intelligible < 5 yrs - speech pattern are 100% intelligible with increased vocabulary databases

question

'big 5' critical areas of reading instruction

answer

phonemic awareness phonics fluency comprehension vocabulary

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comprehension

answer

simply means that the reader can ascribe meaning to text

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traditional literature

answer

works where right wins out over wrong, where hard work and perseverance are rewarded, and where helpless victims find vindication

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alphabetic principle

answer

sometimes called graphophonemic awareness - describes the understanding that written words are composed of ptterns of letters that represent the sounds of spoken words

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parts of alphabetic principle

answer

1. an understanding that words are made up of letters and that each letter has a specific sound 2. the correspondence between sounds and letters leads to phonological reading - consists of reading regulat and irregular words and doing advanced analysis of words

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basic features of alphabetic principle

answer

1. students need to be able to take spoken words apart and blend different sounds together to make new words 2. students need to apply letter sounds to all of their reading 3. teacher need to use a systematic, effective program to teach children to read 4. the teaching of this principle usually being in kindgergarten

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fluency

answer

depends on automatic word identification

question

orthographic representations

answer

transcribing speech, changing standard spelling to reflect differences in accent, emphasis, etc.; the way in which the words of a language are spelled

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English orthography

answer

has four basic word types

question

basic English orthography word types

answer

1. regular, for reading and spelling (e.g., cat, print) 2. regular, for reading but not for spelling (e.g., float, brain - could be spelled flote or brane, respectively) 3. rule based, (e.g., canning - doubling rule, faking - drop e rule) 4. irregular, (e.g., beauty)

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metalinguistic skils

answer

involve the awareness and control of linguistic components of language. Simply put, it implies the ability to think and discuss language. These skills require an awareness of others as listeners and an ability to recognize significant details that indicate changes in speech.

question

metalinguistic abilities in young children

answer

1. word consciousness 2. language and conventions of print 3. functions of print 4.fluency

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4 basic types of phonemic awareness tasks

answer

Task 1. ability to hear rhymes and alliterations Task 2. ability to do oddity tasks (recognize the member of a set that is different (odd) among the group) Task 3. the ability to orally blend words and split syllables Task 4. the ability to do phonics manipulation tasks

question

linguistic knowledge

answer

encompasses phonology, syntactic, and semantic proficiency

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decoding

answer

involves both cipher knowledge (based on letter/sound) and lexical knowledge (based on recognition by sight, not sound)

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SCHEMA

answer

is a generalized description or a conceptual system for understanding knowledge-how knowledge is represented and how it is used.

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SCHEMA theory

answer

schema theory states that all knowledge is organized into units, within which, units of knowledge, or schemata, is stored information.

question

prosody

answer

is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech; the rhythm and pattern of sounds of poetry and language

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speed

answer

how fast an object is moving; 50 mph

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velocity

answer

is the speed of an object in a particular direction; 50 mph west; is a vector because it has direction

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momentum

answer

mass times velocity; amount of inertia something has

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motion

answer

movement of an object

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cloze test

answer

allows students to use their knowledge of word order (syntax) and sentence meaning (semantics) to predict and supply appropriate words in passages

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voiced consonants

answer

are pronounced with a vibration from the vocal cords - /b/ in bean; /n/ in near; /m/; /z/; /l/

question

unvoiced consonants

answer

are pronounced entirely with the breath and without a vibration from the vocal cords - /f/ in foot; /k/ in kicked; /p/; /s/; /t/

question

animistic thinking

answer

commonly occurs during the preoperational period - children believe inanimate objects, because they move or appear to move, are alive.

question

most important language skills to K age

answer

social language skills - learned on playground and from peer interaction

question

centration

answer

focusing, or centering, of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

question

Friedrich Frobel

answer

German educationalist, developed special education materials (such as shaped wooden bricks and balls, known as "gifts") to help introduce children to physical concepts - he formulated the kindergarten system

question

unifix cubes

answer

interlocking plastic cubes that are most commonly used to help primary students learn to add and subtract small numbers

question

what do NAEYC guidelines say about diagnostic screening?

answer

they should involve observing the child manipulate objects and should not involve pencil-and-paper testing or use conceptual materials such as pictures

question

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

answer

Deficiency Needs: Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Worth and Self-Esteem Needs Growth Needs: Need to Know and Understand Aesthetic Needs Self-Actualization Needs

question

What are risk factors for developing learning disabilities?

answer

most common risk factor is family history; less common risk factors include poor nutrition, severe head injuries, child abuse and pregnancy-related factors; lead poisoning, infections of the central nervous system, or treatment for cancers, such as leukemia, can also increase the risk for learning disabilities.

question

What are common signs of learning disabilities?

answer

Dislike of or difficulty with reading Poor handwriting Difficulty with math Difficulty organizing thoughts to express what they want to say Memory problems Trouble with coordination Difficulty with language such as following directions, remembering words, rhyming, and expressing oneself Difficulty with reasoning Difficulty with spelling History of delayed speech

question

What factors are not considered risk factors?

answer

Blindness, visual problems, deafness, physical or motor handicaps can cause difficulties with learning, but are not a cause of learning disabilities; intellectual disabilities (formerly called mental retardation), autism spectrum disorders, or low intelligence quotient (IQ) all may be associated with learning difficulties, but are not considered learning disabilities; environmental, cultural or economic disadvantages do not cause learning disabilities but may co-occur with learning disabilities; behavioral disorders or emotional disturbances may also be present with learning disabilities.

question

Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

answer

1. The Sensorimotor Stage 2. The Preoperational Stage 3. The Concrete Operational Stage 4. The Formal Operational Stage

question

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

answer

During this stage, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. (birth -2)

question

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

answer

At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. (2 to 7)

question

Concret Operational Stage

answer

Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid. They tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts. (7 to 11)

question

Formal Operational Stage

answer

The final stage involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. (after 11)

question

Benefits of the guided reading approach

answer

-it enables students to participate in story prediction -it increases the time students spend reading -it promotes reading fluency -it strengthens reading strategies -it teaches cueing, predicting, and monitoring -it teaches tracking -it strengthens comprehension by assessing prior knowledge -reinforces sight words -it teaches students to predict and infer meaning -it reinforces capitalization and punctuation concepts -it teaches sequencing - the setting, characters, and beginning, middle, and end -it allows students to practice self-correction

question

Guided Reading

answer

is a teaching approach designed to help individual students learn how to process a variety of increasingly challenging texts with understanding and fluency

question

Tracking

answer

following the print word-by-word and left to right

question

What traits do you assess to determine a child's temperament?

answer

-activity level -threshold of responsiveness -biological rhythms -attention span and persistence -intensity of reaction -quality of mood

question

How can teachers keep students engaged while providing opportunity for repetition and revision when the students are participating in whole-group instruction?

answer

by checking for understanding intermittently

question

egocentrism

answer

caring too much about yourself and not about other people

question

ideation

answer

the capacity for or the act of forming or entertaining ideas

question

If student is unable to use beginning and final consonants correctly while reading the teacher would?

answer

model words in context and teach decoding skills - teaching needed skills with meaningful context in which to use them

question

developmental checklist

answer

the most effective method of documenting growth and progress towards the curriculum standard for individual students and for each class as a whole

question

norm-referenced tests

answer

allow us to compare a student's skills to others in his age group and are developed by creating the test items and then administering the test to a group of students that will be used as the basis of comparison

question

persuasive writing

answer

is used to persuade the reader/audienced and often combines one or more forms of discourse

question

role-play writing

answer

students write in scribbles and can assign meaning to the markings

question

expository writing

answer

used to provide facts and inform

question

narrative writing

answer

used to entertain and tell stories

question

descriptive writing

answer

used to provide images and descriptions

question

dyslexia

answer

a complex deficiency that typically displays problems recalling or recognizing words and an inability to decode words

question

oral processing disorder

answer

concerns the ability to listen to and process audible information

question

academically appropriate literature primarily helps students to

answer

see how the skills they learned are applied to writing

question

the relationship between ________________ is weaker in the early grades and stronger in the later grades.

answer

listening and reading

question

The relationship between oral language and reading skills is ______________.

answer

Reciprocal

question

What is the significant difference between phonics and phonemic awareness?

answer

Phonics is the application of sounds to print, phonemic awareness is an oral activity

question

semanitcs

answer

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

question

morphology

answer

the study of the inside parts of words

question

apraxia

answer

-The inability to carry out specific motor tasks in the absence of sensory or motor impairment

question

articulation disorder

answer

difficulty pronouncing specific sounds that are expected to have developed by a specific age

question

dysarthria

answer

A speech disorder characterized by difficulty speaking properly, due to paralysis of the muscles of speech.

question

Marilyn Jager Adams

answer

cognitive psychology and developmental psychology and is internationally regarded for her research and applied work in the area of cognition and education who developed 5 stages of phonemic awareness

question

Adams 5 stages of phonemic awareness

answer

1. the ability to hear rhyme and alliteration (nursery rhymes) 2. the ability to do oddity tasks (comparing/contrasting the sounds of words for rhyme and alliteration) 3. the ability to blend words and split words into chunks 4. the ability to orally segment all parts of a word int the correct number of phonemes (such as counting out the number of phonemes in a word) 5.the ability to perform phoneme manipulation tasks ( such as adding, deleting a particular phoneme and regenerating a word from the remainder)

question

area

answer

A measure of how much surface an object has - length x width - represented by the word square and the unit of measure

question

volume

answer

How much space an object takes up - represented by the word cubic and the unit of measure

question

perimeter

answer

The distance around a figure - represented without square or cubic; refers to a linear measurement

question

1 gram

answer

commonly estimated in elementary school as the mass of one paperclip

question

1 kilogram

answer

commonly estimated in elementary school as the mass of one liter of water

question

family

answer

primary social unit in most societies

question

line graphs

answer

commonly used to compare different sets of related data or to predict data that has not yet been measured

question

bar graph

answer

used to compare different items and make comparisons based on the data

question

pie chart

answer

used to organize data as part of a whole

question

histogram

answer

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data - used to compare different items and make comparisons based on the data

question

observation

answer

the beginning of the scientific inquiry

question

thermometers can measure

answer

degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Kelvin

question

xylem

answer

transports water

question

phloem

answer

transports food (glucose)

question

epidermis

answer

protective covering

question

endodermis

answer

controls movement between the cortex and the cell interior

question

stomata

answer

openings on the underside of leaves - they let in carbon dioxide and let out oxygen (transpiration)

question

guard cells

answer

control the size of stomata

question

biosphere

answer

the region of Earth and its atmosphere in which living things are found

question

ecosystem

answer

parts of the biosphere where

question

game to teach galloping

answer

Fox and the Hound

question

What are the benefits of physical education?

answer

included are physical, emotional, and social benefits - sense of belonging, increased self-esteem, an appreciation of beauty, good sportsmanship, increased humanism, valuable social experiences, and improved health

question

intensity of a color

answer

strength of the color

question

value of a color

answer

lightness or darkness of the color

question

dance

answer

children develop their body awareness through and listening skills as they listen to the rhythm of the music and develop a sense of tempo

question

Piaget's stages of development #

answer

Four stages

question

Inviting behaviors

answer

enhance self-concept among students and encourage self-worth - include reaching each student, listening with care, being real with students, being real with oneself, inviting good discipline, handling rejection, inviting oneself

question

disinviting behaviors

answer

diminish self-concept - include demeaning students, chauvinistic, sexist, condescending, thoughtless, or insensitive behaviors

question

process approach

answer

3-phase model for teaching - sensing function, transforming function, acting function

question

sensing function

answer

or perceptual first phase of process approach - incorporates information or stimuli in an intuitive manner

question

transforming function

answer

conceptualizes abstracts, evaluates and provides meaning and value to perceived information

question

acting function

answer

choose actions from several different alternatives to be set forth overtly

question

Designated Invitational Education

answer

inviting and disinviting teacher behaviors

question

15 - 20 minutes

answer

the amount of time a young child can concentrate before needing to change activities

question

3 widely known curriculum models for early childhood programing

answer

Montessori method, Bankstreet, and Emergent Literacy

question

Montessori method

answer

based on the idea that children teach themselves through their own experiences - materials used are processed from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract - 63% of class time is spent in independent activity

question

Bankstreet

answer

Developmental Interaction Approach - premise is that children develop at different rates, and teachers should use activities that engage children and help them go to the next level

question

Emergent Literacy

answer

takes approach that there is direct connection between literacy experiences at home and the school - guided reading and writing is part of this approach and children are immersed in books that they can read

question

utilization of instructional materials is most effective

answer

when the activities are sequenced

question

analysis of instructional activity

answer

teacher's carefully plan all activities to foresee any difficulties in executing the plan and assure the directions given to students will be clear, avoiding any misunderstandings

question

environmental factors that can affect students learning

answer

lighting, noise level, and room temperature - bright lights can actually cause some students to become restless and hyperactive

question

distance learning

answer

is a technological strategy that keeps students and teachers interactively communicating about issues in the classroom and beyond

question

Learning centers

answer

-should be an integral part of daily instruction for all children -should provide meaningful, independent practice based on the Standards, curriculum objectives and students' needs -should include a variety of activities differentiated to meet the needs of students -should change regularly according to the needs of students -should hold students accountable for the work in which they are engaged -should allow teachers to assess students' math skills, strategies and understandings.

question

Lev Vygotsky

answer

Zone of Proximal Developement - the distance between what a child can do on own and what he can't do - things child can do with asisstance

question

Albert Bandura

answer

Social Learning Theory - Social Cognitive Theory

question

Eric Erikson

answer

Psychosocial development (trust vs. mistrust)

question

ecgocentrism

answer

the inability to take another's perspective

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