Cultural Anthropology final exam study guide – Flashcards
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Margaret Mead
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showed gender roles are variable in "Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies" and was a student of Franz Boas
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E.B. Tylor
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the father of modern anthropology
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Karl Marx
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Not an anthropologist, introduced "conflict theory" which said societies are held together by power/strife (the haves vs. the have-nots) because individiuals fight for the 3 p's
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Carol Stack
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Studied "fictive kin" in an African American community
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Kath Weston
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studied the gay community of San Francisco,said families by association and choice, "love makes a family"
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Franz Boas
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the father of American anthropology, he also introduced empiricism- direct observation
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Bronislaw Malinowski
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the father of fieldwork, admonished people in fieldwork to "learn the language, including means and methods of communication"
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Jane Elliot
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did the brown/blue eye people experiment to teach 3rd graders about racism
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sex
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biological differences between males and females
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gender
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a person's identity based on how they were raised based on their sex
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sexual dimorphism
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obvious physical differences between males and females
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emic eyes
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seeing the culture as a member of that culture
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etic eyes
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scientific and objective study of a society and its practices
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ethnocentrism
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judging another based on one's own cultural standards and views
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culture
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a people's total way of life that is learned within the culture and shared within the culture and shared within the society
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3 components of culture
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Cognitive- what we think Behavioral- what we do Material- artifacts
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cultural relativism
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understanding cultural traits from within the context of the culture
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cultural integration
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how cultures develop through cultural borrowing • Borrow by trade, travel, conquest, and migration/emigration
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social stratification
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Unequal access to resources (3ps- power, prestige, and property)
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areas of social stratification
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age, gender, race/ethnicity, religion, and class
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difference between race and ethnicity
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race is the obvious phenotypre differences between populations of people, ethnicity is the culture of that biological make up
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Apartheid
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segregation based on a racial hierarchy in South Africa, 1948- 1994
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Jim Crow Laws
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A system of racial separation in the US, 1870-1954
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majority group
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These members have access to the 3ps, Their traits are highly valued, Being in this group does not mean that you have more numbers
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minority group
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Members have limited/no access to the 3ps Their traits aren't valued
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class
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one's socioeconomic status, it is achieved and can change
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caste
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a socioeconomic status that is ascribed, it cannot be changes
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phenotypic traits
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how a person looks, the physical expression of their genotype
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socialization
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how a person is taught their roles in the society
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3 areas of learning
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situational, symbolic, and social learning
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situational learning
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(trial and error)- learn by doing, least used method of learning
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symbolic learning
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learning by observing others
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social learning
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the major method of learning, learning through imitation and emulation
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primary agents of socialization
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family (mainly the mother) and peers
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secondary agents of socialization and what they do
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school, business, social organizations, civil organizations they reinforce societal norms
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social races
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based on what people think your race is, can be a misrepresentation of your biological race, ethnicity
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biological race
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the obvious physical differences between populations of people , it is natural and biological
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achieved status
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a status you obtain through your own hard work (skills, knowledge, actions)
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ascribed status
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a status that is given to you, you are born into it
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gender roles
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typically women care for the children and men work, but these roles can vary by culture
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gender stereotypes
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oversimplified, but strongly held ideas about the roles and characteristics of males and females
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affinal relatives
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relatives that you are related to by marriage
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consanguineal relatives
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relatives you are related to by blood
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Hijra
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a person of the "third gender" in Indian culture
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Berdache
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a person of the "third gender" in Native American culture
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Puritan Work ethic
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honesty, thrift, hard work
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class status factors
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income, education, occupation, sometimes language
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ethnicity
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Social category based on ancestry, culture, and self-identification, Members see themselves as "different"
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example of Asian ethnicities
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Chinese, Japenese, Koreans, Thais, etc.
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acculturation
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1st level of interaction, minority group takes on the cultural values of the majority group
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assimilation
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Level 2 of interaction, assimilation- majority group accepts the minority group Let the minority in on the cultural level, structural level (education, institutional), and allow them to intermarry (marital level) The further away you are from the dominant culture, the less likely you are to be assimilated
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pluralism
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level 3 of interaction, groups participate in the larger society, but maintain some of their own cultural heritage (co-existence) Ex- ethnic festivals, ethnic communities (Little Italy, Little Havana, Chinatown, Little Saigon, etc.)
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ethnocide
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level 4 of interaction, the cultural destruction of a group, deny individuals the right to maintain connections to their own culture
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genocide
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level 5 of interaction- physical destruction of a group
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marriage
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a union between two individuals, Coming together of two groups through the union of two individuals, Cross culturally it is based on economic factors, sexual factors, rituals like courtship/dating, and exchanging gifts
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most common form of marriage gift exchange
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bride wealth
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monogamy
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one spouse at a time, Most common form of marriage but not the most preferred, Found in 20% of cultures
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polygamy
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highly organized state of marriage where individuals can have more than one spouse at the same time
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polygyny
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most common form of polygamy, males can have more than one wife, Some societies limit the number of wives a man can have, and wives must be treated equally (socially and economically)
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polyandry
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when a woman can have more than one husband
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reasons for polygyny
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•Marriage is viewed as a value (something that everyone should be in) •Personal and economic stability •Reproduction •Provision and protection of women and children •Balance of the sex ratio since there are normally more women than men in any given society •Status, wealth, and power (more wives and children more wealth)
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joint/intragenerational families
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lateral families, ex. siblings who combine families into the same household
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blended/step family
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occurs when two individuals marry who already have children from other relationships
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single parent family
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one parent raising the child(ren), usually it is the mother who is the single parent
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family of procreation
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the family you (ego) establish Consists of your spouse, children, and in-laws Based on affinal relatives (Related by marriage, not blood)
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family of orientation
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family you were born into, Consanguineal relatives (blood relatives)
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egalitarian society
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does not exist, both sexes share the power
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matriarchy
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a society ruled by women
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patriarchy
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a society ruled by men
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formal social control
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•Controlled through laws, which are modified mores •Administered by organizations such as police, courts, and jails
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informal social control
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being ostracized, ridiculed, talked about, and shunned
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prejudice
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judging someone based on their religion, race/ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation, age, etc.
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rapport
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developing harmonious relationship with the people you're studying
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fieldwork
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the hallmark discipline of anthropology, going out into the culture you are studying and developing a rapport with the people
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participant-observation
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a method of fieldwork involving participating in the society and observing the society with etic eyes
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fraternal polyandry
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brothers marry one woman, a form of polyandry, keeps the resources in the family
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non-fraternal polyandry
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men who are not related are married to one woman
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reasons for polyandry
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more men than women in the society, keeps birth rates low, keeps resources in the family for fraternal polyandry
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levirate
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widow marries her deceased husband's brother, "brother-in law marriage", Keeps resources in the family, If the husband doesn't have a brother, the widow marries a male in her husband's kin group
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sororate
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the widower marries his deceased wife's sister, "sister-in law marriage"
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same sex- marriage statistics
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10 countries allow same sex marriages Holland was the first country to allow it 7 US states recognize same sex marriages: Massachusetts (the first state), Connecticut, New Hampshire, Iowa, Vermont, New York, Washington (June 2012), Maryland (January 2013), and Washington DC
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bride wealth
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•It is a bond/promise from the groom and his family to take care of the bride •Gratitude- the groom's family saying thanks to the bride's family for raising a chaste daughter •Access to her labor- the bride's family is losing her labor so the groom's family compensates for the lost labor •Access to children- grandchildren belong to the groom's family •Leverage against separation and divorce, Bride price has to be returned if there is a divorce/separation
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dowry
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-female brings resources to the marriage •Occurs in societies that have a lower value of women
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half marriage/bride service
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a man pays partial bridewealth to the wife's family and lives with her and her family, the children belong to the wife's family
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dowry death
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"burning bride syndrome"- Indian women die when their families can't afford a dowry during her marriage
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gift exchange
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gifts between the bride's family and the groom's family
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family
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is a married couple or other adult kin who cooperate economically, raise children, and typically live in the same house- is the most important agent of socialization
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nuclear family
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Smallest unit of family •2 generations (typically parents and children) usually residing in the same household These families are highly mobile and highly independent
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extended family
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Communal, consists of two or more generations living in the same area or household (grandparents, parents, and children) High dependence among members Perpetuates itself (junior members eventually become senior members)
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AAA statement on race
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no pure race, more differences within a race than between races, many races depending on traits (3-300+), outer layers (superficial adaptations)
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AAA statement on marriage
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supports all family types as viable and legitimate, even same sex unions
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de facto discrimation
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discrimination that occurs because it is traditional and habitual
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de jure discrimination
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discrimination that is set in place by laws
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ego
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the person an anthropologist is interviewing
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kindred
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blood relatives that interact with, depend upon, and assist each other
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pater
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social father
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genitor
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biological father
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divorce
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the end of a marriage
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reasons for divorce
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Economics Age at marriage Incompatibility- sexual, intellectual, and/or different goals (professional and personal) Cultural differences- religious and lifestyle differences Abuse- physical, sexual, verbal, and emotional abuse Lack of communication Abandonment (5 years) Pressures of life- physical and mental issues
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intergenerational families
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vertical families, multiple generations living together
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matri-focal
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societies where the children belong to the woman's family
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structural mobility
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changes to laws, social changes, political changes, and economic changes
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individual mobility
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changing your class
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intra-generational mobility
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achieved status changes within one person's lifetime
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inter-generational mobility
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ascribed, mobility is passed from one generation to the next
