question

Why Assess?

answer

1.Screening To identify needs To determine if an individual requires further testing, additional programming, or instruction 2.Program content Plan the content of a particular program 3.Student progress Are individuals meeting the course or program objectives? 4.Program evaluation Is the program meeting the objectives for enhanced skill development? 5.Classification Placement of individuals by group

question

What Variables to Assess

answer

Instructional units that are tied to specific objectives indicate which variables are assessed Assess variables tied to program objectives

question

selecting the best test

answer

1.validity Test measures what it claims to measure Content validity ~ the instrument contains tasks that measure specific content of interest A subjective measure 2.Reliability Consistency of test scores Individual scores do not vary significantly from day to day, assuming there has been no additional instruction Measured statistically 3.Objectivity Interrater reliability Degree of accuracy to which a test is scored Determined statistically Statistical determination is performed by computing a correlation coefficient for two sets of scores 4.Correlation coefficient A set of ratings compiled by one scorer is correlated with the scores obtained by a second scorer A correlation coefficient of 0.80 -1.00 is acceptable Caution: norms are population specific Height of American children should not be compared with the norms in height for Japanese children

question

test feasibility

answer

Test feasibility Which test can be administered in the least amount of time? Must you administer the test to a single student, or can it be administered to groups? Do you have the training and expertise to administer the test? Do you have all of the supplies and equipment needed for test administration? Do you have the training and expertise to interpret the test results?

question

Selecting the Ideal Test

answer

Test feasibility Do you have all of the supplies and equipment needed for test administration? Do you have the training and expertise to interpret the test results?

question

Preparing Students for Assessment

answer

To reduce test anxiety Test environment can be controlled Meet the participant's physical needs Procedure for restroom breaks Meet the participant's psychological needs Introduce the test with conversation Reveal what will be done during the test Avoid the word "test" Allow participants to explore the equipment

question

Instructor Preparation and Data Collection

answer

Do you have the necessary equipment to administer the assessment? Can you deliver the standardized directions to students taking the assessment? Do you have an appropriate score sheet with extra pencils on hand? Are you adequately prepared to administer the assessment without constantly referring to the test manual? If assessment requires observation, do you possess valid observational skills? Are you able to recognize deviations from the norm? From what point will you observe? You must think through and even pilot (test run) your assessment procedures prior to administering the test to a target population

question

**Interpreting the Assessment Data (measure of cenral tendency)

answer

Need to have an understanding of measures of central tendency and measures of variability Measures of central tendency Mean - arithmetic average Median - 50th percentile Mode - score that appears most frequently Measures of variability Describes the spread of scores A measure of variability Standard deviation - describes the degree to which the scores vary about the mean of the distribution ? = sigma (standard deviation symbol)

question

**Types of Assessment Instruments

answer

1.Norm-referenced Quantitative evaluations designed to compare a person's skill and abilities with those of others from similar age, gender, and socioeconomic categories Also called psychometric instruments Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III, Gesell Developmental Schedules, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Test of Gross Motor Development-2 Advantages Easy to administer Minimal training required to administer the test Scoring procedures are simple Compare results to others in peer group Disadvantages Provides only "average" results 2.Criterion-referenced These instruments evaluate the "quality" of a person's performance Can determine placement of an individual along the developmental continuum Compares an individual to him/herself over time Common testing procedures for motor developmentalists Advantages Provides more insight into programming considerations Provides a true developmental assessment Disadvantages More complicated to administer than norm-referenced tests

question

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (2005) Subtests to identify deficits in young children (1-42 months)

answer

Cognitive Motor Language Social-Emotional Adaptive Behavior

question

Motor subtests

answer

Body control Large muscle coordination Fine motor manipulatory skills Dynamic movement Dynamic praxis Postural imitation Stereognosis

question

Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP)

answer

Test battery of 8 subtests with 46 items Short and long form Provides a comprehensive index of motor proficiency and individual measures of fine and gross motor skills in children 4.5 to 14.5 years of age

question

Basic Motor Ability Test - Revised

answer

Designed to assess selected large and small muscle control responses Can be used with children 4 to 12 years of age Some test items: bead stringing, target throwing, back and hamstring stretch, static balance, basketball throw, agility run

question

denver II

answer

Denver II A major revision and restandardization of the original Denver Development Screening Test Designed to screen children between birth and 6 years of age for developmental delays in four areas

question

4 AREAS of child's development tested in Denver II

answer

1.Personal-social Drinking from a cup, removing one's own garments, washing and drying hands 2.Fine motor adaptive Ability to perform tasks as passing a block from hand to hand, stacking blocks 3.Language Ability to imitate sounds, name body parts, define words 4.Gross motor Ability to sit, walk, jump, throw

question

Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development (BDIED)

answer

Criterion-referenced test with norms Assesses behaviors that are divided into 11 domains Can assess development from birth to 6 years of age Easy to administer and interpret

question

Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development: Assessment Categories

answer

1.Preambulatory motor skills and behaviors 2.Gross motor skills and behaviors 3.Fine motor skills and behaviors 4.Self-help skills 5.Prespeech behaviors 6.Speech and language skills 7.General knowledge and comprehension 8.Readiness skills 9.Basic reading skills 10.Writing skills 11.Math skills

question

**assessing the disabled I CAN

answer

Criterion-referenced Easy to administer Modules include Preprimary motor and play skills Primary skills Sport, leisure, and recreation skills

question

Assessing Physical Fitness

answer

Physical-fitness test batteries FITNESSGRAM/ACTIVITYGRAM President's Challenge National Youth Physical Fitness Program National Children and Youth Fitness Studies I and II Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults Over 60 Years Senior Fitness Test Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness

question

A child with a motor delay is following a normal course of motor development, but at ______________________________________________________

answer

A child with a motor delay is following a normal course of motor development, but at a level that is below expectations for the child's age

question

motor delay

answer

Motor delay Following a normal course of motor development but at a level that is below expectations for the child's age Children with Down syndrome learn to walk, but the skill is delayed until 2 years of age Motor delays are not motor deficits May catch up to peers

question

Structural deficits

answer

Structural deficits Structural difference that does not allow the child to develop the same pattern of movement as peers who do not have the disability These children will never catch up to peers Have different movement patterns to compensate Examples Neurological Cerebral Palsy Physical Loss of limb Problems in utero Arthrogryposis

question

what are the three theories

answer

1.Neuromaturation theory 2.Cognitive processing theory 3.Dynamical systems theory

question

Neuromaturation theory

answer

Neuromaturation theory Development is biologically driven Reflexes appear and are integrated Voluntary movement sitting, crawling, reaching/grasping Advanced motor skills Walking, jumping, throwing, catching Motor delays are related to damage in the CNS Cerebral palsy Primitive reflexes continue in some children Therapy can retrain the brain Bobath approach Purpose is to provide appropriate motor skills via manipulation of child's body Dorman and Delacato Missing normal developmental sequences Retrain child to crawl if this skill was omitted Condemned by American Academy of Pediatrics

question

**cognitive processing

answer

Some children have trouble receiving and processing information Normal motor patterns involve Planning Forming strategies Attention Memory Child's movements appear slow and clumsy Purpose of therapy Help child learn how to process information more quickly Attend to relevant cues in environment Use control processes to move information from short term to long term memory Environment must be organized with appropriate cues Practice, practice, practice

question

dynamical system theory

answer

All movement results from interaction of many systems Organismic systems Environmental systems Nature of task Therapy Identify organismic constraints and remediate Manipulate environment and task constraints to make it easier for the child to move

question

**specific problems

answer

1.Central nervous system Spinal cord Damage causes Problems of proprioception and skin sensation Partial or complete paralysis and tendon reflexes Information below spinal cord injury cannot reach the brain Spinal cord Levels of damage Mild: bruising of back may lead to tingling and muscle weakness Partial: loss of partial sensation and partial paralysis Complete: spinal cord is severed - leads to total loss of sensation, movement, reflexes Quadriplegia Paraplegia Damage to brain stem Problems in maintaining alertness Difficulty in controlling reflexive and involuntary activity Muscle spasticity Low or high muscle tone Controlling breathing Tongue control Salivation 2. Cognitive and information-processing system Children have intact nervous systems, but difficulty in processing information Intellectual and learning disabilities Have motor delays due to slower or deficient cognitive processing 3.Perceptual system Vestibular system Proprioceptive system Tactile system Visual system Auditory system

question

cognitive proccessing models

answer

-Mediation deficits Inability to process cognitively Cannot move information from short-term to long-term memory Damage to memory structures -Production deficit No damage to brain Child not able to process information to facilitate performance Therapy: rehearse and practice -Information-Processing Describe the way the brain receives and processes information Similar to a computer Components Stimulus identification Response selection Response programming

question

**Motor Delay: Disability

answer

Cerebral palsy (CP) Intellectual disability (ID) Specific learning disability (SLD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism Visual impairments

question

**Motor Delay: CP

answer

1.Spastic Constant muscle activation; high muscle tone 2Athetoid Low muscle tone; inconsistent muscle activation 3MixedSpastic and Athetoid 4Ataxic Damage to cerebellum results in coordination and balance problems 5.Rigidity Very high muscle tone making it impossible to move

question

One limb Legs One arm, one leg, same side Three limbs Four limbs, mostly legs All four limbs

answer

Monoplegia - one arm Paraplegia hemiplegia Tetraplegia Diplopia quadriplegia

question

Intellectual disability ID

answer

". . .characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills . . . Originates before the age of 18" 2 SD below average IQ of 100 Problems reading, writing, arithmetic, memory, attention, problem solving, adaptive behavior Down Syndrome

question

Specific learning disability SLD

answer

Group of disabilities that affect a child's ability to learn Academic performance affected Damage to specific area of brain determines SLD These children do not have ID Usually, no gross motor problems Dyspraxia Inability to perform coordinated movement

question

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD

answer

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Difficult for children to pay attention Hyperactive-impulsive type Inattentive type Problems making friends Problems behaving appropriately Motor delays in some children

question

Pervasive developmental disorder PDD autism

answer

Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) Range in severity of similar disorders that affect Communication Behaviors Social skills Emotional detachment Motor delays

question

Visual impairments

answer

Global term for visual loss not corrected by lenses Visual acuity - how clearly one sees from a distance Snellen chart Normal vision: 20/20 Being able to see at 20 ft. what one should see at 20 ft. Legal blindness - 20/200 Seeing at 20 ft. what should see at 200 ft. with corrective lenses Visual impairments Field of vision - total area that can be seen without moving eyes or head Normal: 160-170 degrees Impairment: 20 degrees or less in good eye Motor delays due to inability to observe others Hypotonia Fear of movement Postural deviations

question

Inattention

answer

Difficulty focusing on task or identifying relevant stimuli

question

Distractibility

answer

Difficulty ignoring extraneous stimuli

question

Perceptual-motor Deficit

answer

Difficulty recognizing and interpreting stimuli received from sense organs

question

Disorganization

answer

Random, haphazard approach to learning

question

Impulsivity

answer

Acting before thinking

question

Stimulus identification

answer

Child identifies incoming information from environment

question

Response selection

answer

Child chooses which response to select based on information from environment

question

Response programming

answer

Readies the motor system for action before movement begins

question

*Perceptual feedback

answer

Corrects movements

question

Asterognosis cerebellum

answer

Inability to identify objects through manipulations

question

Agnosia cerebellum

answer

Inability to recognize stimuli or associate stimuli with past experiences

question

Reflex damage cerebellum

answer

Inability to inhibit primitive reflexes; delayed appearance of postural responses

question

Impaired laterality cerebellum

answer

Difficulty identifying sides of the body

question

Apraxia cerebellum

answer

Disorder of motor planning

question

Hypotonia cerebellum

answer

Decrease in tendon reflexes and low muscle tone

question

Dysmetria cerebellum

answer

Inability to stop a movement at the desire point

question

Dysdiadochokinesia cerebellum

answer

Inability to make rapid, opposite movement such as finger tapping

question

Asthenia cerebellum

answer

Skeletal muscles tire quickly after minor activity

question

Tremor cerebellum

answer

Quivering movement or the involuntary control of small muscle movements

question

Dysarthria cerebellum

answer

Slurred speech

question

One of the most complex fundamental movements Can be divided into 3 phases

answer

Preparatory phase All movements directed away from the intended line of projection Execution phase All movements performed in the direction of the throw Follow-through All movements following the release of the projectile

question

T/F 60% of boys exhibit a Stage 5 throwing pattern ~ 65 months (5.4 yrs) 60% of girls exhibit a Stage 5 throwing pattern ~ 102 months (8.5 yrs)

answer

T

question

** stage 1 of throwing

answer

Throwing motion is posterior-anterior in direction Feet do not move Little trunk rotation Force for projecting the ball comes from hip flexion, shoulder protraction, and elbow extension

question

stage 2 of throwing

answer

More rotation of the body Performer may step forward (ipsilateral or contralateral pattern) Arm brought forward in transverse plane Form resembles a sling

question

stage 3 of throwing

answer

Note the ipsilateral (on the same side of the body) arm-leg action Ball is placed into throwing position above the shoulder by a vertical and posterior motion of the arm at the time that the ipsilateral leg is moving forward Little or no rotation of the spine and hips Follow-through includes flexion at the hips and some trunk rotation

question

stage 4 of throwing

answer

Movement is contralateral (corresponding part on an opposite side) Little or no rotation of the hips and spine during wind-up Motion of trunk and arms resembles stages 1 and 3 Stride forward with contralateral leg provides a wide base of support and stability

question

stage 5 of throwing

answer

Mature movement pattern

question

Prewalking Movements

answer

Crawling • Creeping • Locomoting with hands held • Major limitation - The hands are required to move - Child cannot explore the environment

question

Walking

answer

• Characterized by a progressive alteration of leading legs and continuous contact with the support surface • Gait cycle or walking cycle -

question

Phases of the Gait Cycle

answer

Swing phase - Begins when foot of one leg leaves support surface - Ends when foot touches surface • Support phase - Time when balance is maintained on one foot - Right foot in swing phase while left foot is in support phase • Double support phase - When both feet are in contact with the ground

question

Independent walking requires

answer

- Leg strength - Equilibrium - Initial walking patterns in the infant are designed to foster equilibrium

question

Two types of balance

answer

Static - Dynamic

question

balance Affected by growth and developmental changes

answer

Foot length, base of support (BOS) width, height of the center of mass (COM) over the BOS

question

An Infant's First Steps

answer

Short, quick, rigid steps • Toes point outward • Use of wide base of support • Flat-footed contact with floor • Arms in high-guard position • Arms are rigid - Arms are not swung freely in opposition to legs

question

Immature walker pattern

answer

~ Note the high guard-arm position, wide base of support, flat-footed contact, and toeing-out

question

Walking ~ Dynamic Base

answer

A change in the width of the base of support from wide (immature walking) to narrow (mature waling) • Average step width is 230 mm - initial walking • Average step width is 152 mm - at 6 months • Average step width is With improved balance, the base of support narrows, the arms are lowered and work in opposition to the legs, and the toes point more in a forward direction -In mature walking, a heel strike is exhibited

question

Walking ~ Foot Angle

answer

Amount of toeing in or out • Toeing out decreases during first 4 years • Toeing in is considered abnormal

question

Walking ~ Walking Speed

answer

• Determined by the length of the stride and the speed of the stepping movements • Until infant gains sufficient neuromuscular control, he/she must take more steps per unit of time to increase walking speed • Step frequency decreases with advancing age during childhood years • Gait changes occur by 3 years of age • Little difference in walking patterns between 3 and 7 year old children - Stride length and high step frequency in younger children • Recent research indicates that stride dynamics may not be mature completely in some children even by age 7 yr.

question

walking speed is Determined by the length of the stride and _______________________________________________

answer

the speed of the stepping movements

question

Gait changes occur by ___________

answer

3 years of age

question

Recent research indicates that stride dynamics may not be mature completely in some children even______________________.

answer

by the age of 7 years

question

Book bag or backpack weight should not exceed _______ of body weight in young children

answer

10 % of body weight in young children

question

give An example of how environmental conditions influence movement patterns

answer

Complaints of back ; shoulder pain from carrying book bags • Forces children to walk with improper mechanics and movement patterns Wearing shoes allows the child to walk with a more mature walking gait

question

running :Adequate lower limb strength to: ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ this causes a

answer

propel body through air to handle the additional force encountered when the airborne foot strikes the supporting surface 2.Improved motor coordination to control the moving legs

question

Immature running is similar to immature walking ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

answer

- Wide base of support - Arms held in high guard position - Flat-footed contact with floor

question

Reverting to an immature walking pattern allows the child to ________________________________________________________________________________________________

answer

improve balance and confidence for the new movement

question

running Phases ______________ ______________ ______________ _____________ is important

answer

- Support - Flight - Recovery Arm action is important

question

The leg while running ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ inexperienced runners tend to run__________________

answer

Absorbs the impact of the striking foot - Supports the body - Maintains forward motion while accelerating the body's COG - Provides thrust to propel the body forward Inexperienced runners run flatfooted

question

____________________are required for full extension and to generate maximum thrust in the flight phase

answer

Hip, knee, and ankle are required for full extension and to generate maximum thrust

question

what does the body go through during the flight phase

answer

• Body is thrust into the air by a vigorous extension of the support leg • Immature runner unable to project body through space - Does not use thrust leg

question

what does the body go through during the recovery phase

answer

Back leg is brought forward quickly Experienced runners flex the knee so the recovery foot comes close to hitting the buttocks

question

Inexperienced runners have very little knee and hip flexion _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

answer

- May cause child to stumble - Inadequate clearance between foot and ground

question

arm swing Beginning ____________________________________ More adult-like Arms are lowered and hang free, but do not help with running speed (by working in opposition to the legs); _______________________________ Experienced Arms are in opposition to legs, elbows flexed at 900, ________________________________________________________________________________

answer

Beginning ____________________________________ More adult-like Arms are lowered and hang free, but do not help with running speed (by working in opposition to the legs); _______________________________ Experienced Arms are in opposition to legs, elbows flexed at 900, ________________________________________________________________________________

question

phase 1 running: Arms are extended sideward at ___________ Stride is short and ___________________ Surface contact is made with the entire foot, ___________________________ Little knee flexion Feet remain near surface

answer

• Arms are extended sideward at shoulder height • Stride is short and of shoulder width • Surface contact is made with the entire foot, striking simultaneously • Little knee flexion • Feet remain near surface

question

phase 2 running: Arms are carried ______________ Stride is long Surface contact is made with _______________________________________ Greater knee ______________ Swing leg is flexed Movement of legs becomes ______________________

answer

Arms are carried waist high • Stride is long • Surface contact is made with entire foot, striking simultaneously • Greater knee flexion • Swing leg is flexed • Movement of legs becomes anterior-posterior

question

phase 3 running: Arms are no longer _____________________ Arms are carried below waist level and __________ Foot contact is __________________ Stride length increases Both feet move along a midsaggital line Swing-leg flexion may be as great at 900

answer

Arms are no longer used for balance • Arms are carried below waist level and may flex • Foot contact is heel-toe • Stride length increases • Both feet move along a midsaggital line • Swing-leg flexion may be as great at 900

question

phase 4 running:

answer

Foot contact is heel-toe (except in sprinting) • Arm action is in opposition to leg action • Knee flexion is used to maintain momentum during support phase • Swing leg may contact buttocks during recovery

question

_______during support phase Results in medial rotation of the leg and thigh _____________________________________________________________________________________

answer

-inversion -Oblique, rather than anterior-posterior pattern as the leg comes forward in swing phase

question

_________during support phase Results in lateral rotation of the leg and thigh _____________________________________________________________________________________

answer

-eversion -Accompanied by exaggerated counter-rotary action of the arms in an attempt to maintain balance

question

Forms of jumping:

answer

- Hopping - Leaping • The downward leap may be the first jumping experience when going down a step

question

______________ and _________ jumping are most often studied in children

answer

Horizontal vertical

question

jumping Phases - - - -

answer

- Preparatory phase - Takeoff phase - Flight phase - Landing phase

question

what is Missing in inexperienced jumpers in the preparatory phase?

answer

Crouch (flexion at hips, knees, ankles) Backward swing of the arms

question

The advanced jumper fully extends the body during the _____________________

answer

The advanced jumper fully extends the body during the takeoff phase

question

Takeoff and flight phases

answer

Takeoff and flight phases Rapid and vigorous extension of the hips, knees and ankles Vigorous swing of the arms in the direction of desired travel Provides the impetus for the body to become airborne

question

For maximum distance in jumping, takeoff angle should be ________

answer

For maximum distance, takeoff angle should be 450

question

phase 1 on jumping

answer

Vertical component of force may be greater than horizontal Jump is upward rather than forward Arms move backward, acting as brakes to stop the momentum of the trunk Legs extend in front of the center of mass.

question

phase 2 on jumping

answer

Arms move in an anterior-posterior direction during the preparatory phase Arms move sideward during the in-flight phase Knees and hips flex and ex tend more fully Angle of takeoff is above 450 The landing is made with the center of gravity above base of support Thighs are perpendicular to the surface rather than parallel

question

phase 3 on jumping

answer

Arms swing backward and then forward during preparatory phase Knees and hips flex fully prior to takeoff Arms extend and move forward during takeoff Knee extension may be complete Takeoff angle is > 450 Upon landing, thigh is less than parallel to the surface Center of gravity is near the base of support

question

phase 4 on jumping

answer

Arms extend forward and upward upon takeoff, reaching full extension above the head Hips and knees are extended fully Takeoff is <450 Upon landing, thighs are parallel to the surface Center of gravity is behind base of support Knees flex and arms thrust forward at contact in order to carry center of gravity beyond the feet

question

stage 1 hoping

answer

Nonsupport knee is flexed at 900 Nonsupport thigh is parallel to surface Body is in upright position with arms flexed at elbows Hands are near shoulder Force production is limited

question

stage 2 hoping

answer

Nonsupport knee is fully flexed - foot near buttocks Thigh of the nonsupport leg is nearly parallel to the surface Trunk is flexed Arms participate vigorously in force production Balance is precarious Number of hops equals 2 to 4.

question

stage 3 hopping

answer

Thigh of nonsupport leg is vertical with knee flexed at 900 or less Greater forward body lean Greater distance in relation to the height of hop achieved Knee of nonsupport leg is vertical, but knee flexion varies Arms are used in force production

question

stage 4 hopping

answer

Knee of the nonsupport leg is at 900 or less Entire leg swings back and forth like a pendulum to aid in force production The arms are carried close to the body, elbow at 900 Nonsupport leg increases force production, so arm use decreases

question

Gallop is exhibited first - - - -

answer

- A forward step followed by a leap onto the trailing foot - Same leg always leads - Performed in a front-facing direction - Emerges around age 2 years

question

stage 1 gallop

answer

Pattern resembles an uneven run Tempo is fast and rhythm inconsistent Trail leg crosses in front of the lead leg during the airborne phase Both feet generally contact the floor in a heel-toe pattern

question

stage 2 gallop

answer

Slow to moderate tempo with rhythm appearing choppy Trail leg moves in front of, adjacent to, or behind lead leg during airborne phase, but is adjacent to or behind lead leg at contact Trail leg is extended during airborne phase Transfer of weight is stiff Vertical component is exaggerated

question

stage 3 gallop

answer

Pattern is smooth, rhythmical, and at a moderate tempo Trail leg may cross in front of or move adjacent to lead leg during airborne phase Trail leg placed adjacent to or behind lead leg at contact Both trail and lead legs < 450 with feet carried close to surface during airborne phase

question

stage 1 for skipping

answer

Step-hop pattern Little effective use of arms An exaggerated step or leap is present during the transfer of weight from one supporting limb to the other Total action appears segmented

question

stage 2 skipping

answer

Rhythmical transfer of weight during the step phase Increased use of arms in providing forward and upward momentum Exaggeration of vertical component during airborne phase (hop

question

stage 3 skipping

answer

Rhythmical transfer of weight during all phases Reduced arm action during the transfer of weight phase Foot of the supporting limb is carried near the surface during the hopping phase

question

Health Related Fitness components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

answer

1.CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE-is the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity. 2.MUSCULAR STRENGTH-is the maximum amount of force a muscle can produce in a single effort. 3.MUSCULAR ENDURANCE-is the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue. 4.FLEXIBILTY-is the ability to bend and move the joints through the full range of motion. 5.HEALTHFUL BODY COMPOSITION-is a high ratio of lean tissue to fat tissue in the body.

question

The body's ability to deliver oxygen to the muscle is affected by - - - -

answer

-Heart rate -Stroke volume -Cardiac output -Maximal oxygen consumption

question

Changes over the lifespan Fetal HR is ________________. Birth HR is _________________________________.

answer

fetal HR is rapid and frequently irregular. Immediately following birth, HR usually decreases and often is accompanied by intermittentperiods of bradycardia (slow HR).

question

Overall, resting HR declines by ___% from birth to maturity

answer

50

question

Adulthood Average ~

answer

75-79 bpm

question

Size of SV affected by - - - -

answer

-Heart size -Contractile force of the heart muscle -Vascular resistance to blood flow -Venous return

question

SV is lower in children -

answer

then adults because of their smaller heart

question

7. growth

answer

growth definition

question

recumbent length

answer

total body length. child is measured while laying supine Measured from the vertex (highest point on skull) to the soles of the feet

question

stature

answer

Stature or standing height is measured between the vertex and the floor • Preferred measurement of body length

question

recumbent knee height

answer

• Stature can be estimated in the elderly and/or disabled populations from recumbent knee height

question

Growth in Length and Stature

answer

Zygote ~ 0.14 mm in diameter • Birth - Boys ~ 20 in - Girls ~ 19.75 in • Year 1 - Boys ~ 30 in - Girls ~ 29.25 in Year 2 - Length increases about 4.75 in • Year 3-5 - Decelerated growth rate to 2.75 in/year • Year 6-adolescence - Decelerated growth rate to 2.25 in/year • Midgrowth spurt in height - Between 6.5 and 8.5 years - More common in girls Adolescence - 20% of adult stature is attained during this 2 ½ to 3 year period - 4 in /yr growth for boys - 3 in/yr growth for girls • 17.3 years - Median age in females when growth in stature ceases• 21.2 years - Median age in males when growth in stature ceases - Females attain final 2% of growth in stature • 20-30 years - Growth of vertebral column may add another 1/8 in to stature • 30-45 years - Stature is stableAbove 45 years ~ decrease in stature - Intervertebral disk degeneration - Joint cartilage in lower extremities becomes thin

question

PHV-girls and boys

answer

gilrs reach PHV at 17.3 years boys at 21.2 years. there is a 3inch growth that starts at around 9 for girls and a 4 in that starts at around 11 for boys

question

___% of of adult stature is attained during the 2.5-3 year period

answer

20

question

Growth in Body Weight

answer

Conception ~ ovum weighs 0.005 mg • Median Birth Weight - Boys ~ 7.5 lb - Girls ~ 7.0 lb - Day 1-3 postnatal, infant may lose up to 10% of body weight • Year 1 - Boys ~ 22.5 lb - Girls ~ 21 lb Year 2 ~ gain of 5.5 lb • Years 3-5 ~ gain of 4.5 lb • Year 6 - Adolescence - Slight increase in rate of weight gain of 6.5/year • Adolescence - Males add about 45 lb of body weight - Females add about 35 lb of body weight Year 18 - Males ~ 151.75 lb - Females ~ 124.75 lb • Above 19 years - Weight is a matter of nutritional and exercise status - Some weight gain during pregnancy is permanent

question

Mature body weight is approximately _____ that of birth weight

answer

Mature body weight is approximately 20x that of birth weight

question

how do you calculate BMI

answer

weight (kg)/ height (m squared) Healthy adult = 18.5-24.9 • Underweight = 30

question

BMI for age what is it

answer

In children and adolescents, BMI-for-age is best used as a guide to determine individual nutritional status • BMI-for-age between 85th percentile and 95th percentile is classified as risk for becoming overweight • BMI-for-age greater than 95th percentile, overweight is a concern • Adiposity rebound: upward trend occurring after the low point on the BMI percentile curve - The earlier the adiposity rebound occurs in a child, the more likely BMI will be high in adulthood

question

what is the estimated age for adolescent awkwardness?

answer

Estimated age for boys = 13.7 yr - Most common in best performers at start of peak height velocity • Estimated age for girls = 11.8 yr • The phenomenon is not universal

question

physique

answer

• Overall body form • W.H. Sheldon (1940) rated physique by three components - Endomorphic (round) - Mesomorphic (muscle) - Ectomorphic (thin) Heath and Carter (1967) Somatotype - Modified Sheldon's method by adding anthropometry - Rating form includes measurement of skinfolds (endomorphic), height, breadth of bone, arm and calf circumferences (mesomorphic), and a ponderal index (ectomorphic) • Ponderal index = a way of characterizing height to mass • Typical numbers are 21-25 in adults 1-very low 2-low 3-moderate low 4-average 5-moderate high 6-high 7-very high

question

how would you measue skeletal health ?

answer

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) - Can measure differences among lean soft tissue, fat soft tissue, and bone tissue - Determines BMD - bone mineral density

question

how does skeletal develop? what are the growths called?

answer

Appositional growth - Long bones grow in width by bone apposition on the outer surface of the bone - Short, flat, and irregular bones increase size by this method • Endochondral growth - Involves the interstitial growth of cartilage followed by calcification of this cartilage - The result is increased bone length • In utero - Intramembranous bone formation • Embryonic membranes begin to ossify • All long bones begin to ossify by birth • Bone remodeling - Occurs throughout the lifespan - Osteoblasts (building) - Osteoclasts (chewing) • From birth to 35 yr - osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity - Gaining bone • After 35 yr, osteoclast activity > osteoblast activity - Exercise and stress on the bones becomes important

question

Female athlete triad:

answer

Female athlete triad - Amenorrhea - Eating disorders - Bone mineral loss • These problems are interrelated and this interrelationship is not completely understood in young women athletes

question

maturation and developmental age

answer

Chronological age - Often used to denote maturity, but is a poor indicator • Developmental age - Much better indicator of maturity - e.g., adolescence - Addresses variations in rate of maturation

question

HR SV CO VO2max

answer

-HR-heart rate how many times the heart beats per minute -stroke volume (SV), isejected from the left ventricle into general circula-tion via the aorta. In other words, stroke volume isthe amount of blood pumped from the heart witheach beat -CO-cardiac output Cardiac output is the amount of blood that canbe pumped out of the heart in 1 minute.Cardiac output is less in children thanin adults, for both resting and exercising states -VO2 max The largest amount of oxygen that a human can consume at the tissue levelis the maximal oxygen consumption(VO2max).

question

At rest, adults have a cardiac output of approxi-mately ______________________________

answer

At rest, adults have a cardiac output of approxi-mately 5 liters per minute.

question

what causes the decline of VO2 max in girls? what caused the incline of VO2max in boys?

answer

1.likely caused by the femaleincrease in body fat at maturation, lower bloodhemoglobin concentrations at puberty, and lesserdegree of large-muscle development in the lowerextremities. 2.boys: pupeberty

question

field test:

answer

Field test data involve non-laboratory devices capable of testing large numbers of children

question

strength static or isometric force dynamic

answer

•Strength is the ability to exert a muscular force •Static or isometric force - muscular force exerted against a non-moveable object •Dynamic force - muscular force exerted against a moveable object

question

what are some examples of field test and lab test in strength

answer

Laboratory test Grip strength Field tests Pull-up test ~ upper body strength/endurance Chin-up test ~ upper arm strength/endurance Modified bent-knee sit-up test ~ abdominal strength/endurance

question

In boys, the strength "spurt" lags a year behind the height "spurt" Boys ________________________________. May explain why some boys ____________________________________. Boys' fastest increase in muscular strength occurs _______ after peak height velocity

answer

"the strength spurt lagsat least a year behind the height spurt, and there isthus a sense in which boys outgrow their strength just prior to puberty" (p. 219). This finding partly explains why some boys experience a brief periodof clumsiness during puberty: boys' fast-est increase in muscular strength occurs approxi-mately 1 year after peak height velocity

question

Pre-pubescent In girls, the strength spurt occurs during the _______________________________________. In general, boys ____________________________. Gender differences are most apparent after puberty - - -

answer

in girls the strength spurt generally occurs during the same year as peak height velocity. In general, prio rto puberty boys are about 10 percent stronger than girls.

question

Flexibility declines with age due to changes in - - - - - Regardless of process or causes, physical activity is necessary to maintain joint mobility

answer

This decrease in joint mobility is partly caused by physiological changes to the structuresthat make up the joint: tendons, ligaments, muscle,synovial fluid, and cartilage With age, the joint's con-nective structures become less resilient and crackand fray. Synovial fluid becomes less viscous, andcartilage is frequently damaged from both injury and everyday wear and tear. Degenerative joint dis-ease such as osteoarthrosis also contributes to loss of joint functioning.

question

what is considered the gold standard fordeterminin body comp?

answer

Hydrostatic weighting (HW) has long been con-sidered the "gold standard" for determining body composition.

gmd ch 7 on – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards