question

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush even when you're not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the cold water

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At the end of his first day kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a sound bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

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Jeremiah left the room after the ball rang.

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For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

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distinctive.

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_______________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

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Stimulus discrimination

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An example of conditioned taste aversion is

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when coyotes eat sheep meat laced with lithium chloride, get sick, and then stop eating sheep meat.

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The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ________________ on behavior.

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consequences

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Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

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Operant conditioning

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The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

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primary reinforcers.

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Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of ____________.

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negative reinforcement

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For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?

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fixed ratio

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In most employment situations, people are paid

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on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

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A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of

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punishment.

question

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of ________________.

answer

behavior modification

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The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit unit the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rat

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learned to find the exit almost immediately.

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Holman of Köhler were

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Gastalt psychologists.

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Köhler's chimpanzee experiment involved

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a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.

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In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _______________ info his studies of children and the Bobo doll.

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reward

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According to bandora, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

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pay attention

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Bandora concluded that there were __________ elements of observational learning.

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four

question

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of

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shaping.

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The ________ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.

answer

parallel distributed processing model

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Kevin, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Kevin's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory?

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storage

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Dr. McCrae encourages her students to go beyond just memorizing definitions. She teaches them that if they fully understand the appears to be based on which model of memory?

answer

levels-of-processing

question

You always ask for a window seat whenever you fly because you looking at the clouds and their shapes as the plane files above them. The type of sensory memory used when viewing the clouds is ______________________ Memory.

answer

iconic sensory

question

Jade was asked to participate in an experiment. The experimenter read aloud to her a series of numbers that she was then asked to repeat back to him in the same order. As Jade continued to answer correctly, the lists became longer and longer until she finally couldn't get the number right. The experiment in which Jade was asked to participate involved the use of what memory test?

answer

the digit-span test

question

In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Denver repeated the list to herself over and over again until she got all of the items from the store that she needed. Denver's method of memorizing the grocery list involved the process of ________________.

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maintenance rehearsal

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Short-term memory tends to be encoded primary in

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Auditory form

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George Miller concluded that the capacity of the short-term memory is

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from five to nine bits of information

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_______________ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

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Long-term

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After Eve had used "elaborative rehearsal" to remember her Social Security number, the information

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Found its way into her long-term memory.

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Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of your

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non-declarative memory.

question

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is the better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

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state-dependent learning.

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Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty, This is

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the primacy effect.

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The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved

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it ay be altered or revised in some way.

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While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also

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makes it easier to create false memories.

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Long-term memories may be stored in the brain but inaccessible because

answer

of interference.

question

It has been five years since you've taken a psychology all over again. Unfortunately, you're having a difficult time remembering anything that you learned previously. Your forgetting in this situation is most likely due to ____________.

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decay

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The case of H.M. shows that the ___________ is integral in the information of new long-term declarative memories.

answer

Hippocampus

question

___________ is the most common type of dementia found in adults and the elderly.

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Alzheimer's

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Dana cannot remember anything about the car accent in which she was recently involved, nor can she remember anything that happened during the week prior to the accident. Dana papers to be suffering from _________________.

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

PET scans show areas of the __________ being activated during the process of forming an image.

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visual cortex

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Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to

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actual tasks involving visual perception.

question

A(n) ____________ refers to a type of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities.

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script

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Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a

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natural concepts.

question

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using

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subgoals.

question

The _____________ heuristic is based on one's estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples.

answer

availability

question

Sabrina's statistics instructor assigns math homework every week that requires Sabrina to solve mathematical problems using formulas. Sabrina is making use of what method of problem solving to complete her statistics homework?

answer

algorithms

question

After almost giving up on fixing the loose leg on the table because he couldn't find a screwdriver, Aaron was able to fix the table by using a knife that was nearby. Aaron was able to fix the loose leg on the table by overcoming ________________.

answer

functional fixedness

question

Which of the following examples best illustrates divergent thinking?

answer

Jennifer makes a bowling game using empty plastic bottles and an orange.

question

Gardner theorized that there are ______________ types of intelligence.

answer

nine

question

Kenosha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. According to Binet, fifteen is Keneisha's ___________________.

answer

mental age

question

You are taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and come to a question that requires you to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order. You are being tested for

answer

working memory

question

Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. This test can be considered

answer

reliable

question

Jeremy was diagnosed with lead poisoning at about 4 years of age. As a result of his condition, he has an IQ score of 55, he has trouble doing most things for himself, and he shows a number of deficits in his mental abilities. Jeremy most likely has _____________.

answer

intellectual disability

question

In some languages, changing the stress or pitch of certain words or syllables can change its entire meaning. This is referred to as ______________________.

answer

intonation

question

Amelia is 3 years old and is beginning to develop more complex language skills. However, when she's out in public, she still has trouble knowing when to say what, and what to say to whom. Amelia appears to having trouble with the ___________ of language.

answer

pragmatics

question

The idea that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture has come to be known as the _____________.

answer

linguistic relativity hypothesis

question

In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp _____________________________________.

answer

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes

question

The rattle of a rattlesnake, the growling of an angry dog, and dancing of honey bees are all examples of communication.

answer

instinctual

question

A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with __________, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.

answer

schizophrenia

question

Professor Martinez is interested in study the development of motor skills. She collects data from 265 newborns and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years. What type of research design is Professor Martinez using?

answer

longitudinal design

question

Jude Believes that people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences, so he believes ____________________ plays a more powerful role in human development.

answer

nurture

question

The field of ____________ studies the issue of nature versus nurture.

answer

behavioral genetics

question

Carrie has cystic fibrosis, which must mean that she has inherited a _____________ gene for the disease from her mother and a __________________ gene for the disease from her father.

answer

recessive; recessive

question

Keith inherited from both parents a recessive gene that is linked to the the inability to digest the amino acid phenylalanine, which can lead to brain damage. Keith appears to have inherited the genetic disorder called ____________.

answer

PKU

question

An ovum that was released from Tonya's ovary into her fallopian tube was fertilized four days ago, resulting in pregnancy, At this stage of her pregnancy, the developing organism that Tonya is carrying is called ______________.

answer

a zygote

question

Martin, who is male, and Martina, who is female, are twins. What type of twins Must they be?

answer

dizygotic

question

Taster is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Tashera currently experiencing?

answer

germinal

question

Cindy's unborn baby is at the stage of development where its organs are not yet fully developed, but are functional. It weighs about five pounds, has experienced tremendous growth over the past several months, and would have a high rate of survival if born today. Cindy's baby is in which period of prenatal development?

answer

fetal

question

Jamie's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Jamie when she was pregnant, which substance was she most likely abusing?

answer

alcohol

question

Pediatricians use reflexes to determine whether or not an infant's ___________________ is working properly.

answer

nervous system

question

Leticia has just learned to recognize and say her name. This is an example of the role of ______________ processes in development.

answer

cognitive

question

Which one of the following is an example of Vygotsky's concepts of scaffolding?

answer

Little Jenny's mother works one-on-one with her on a new task but gradually helps less and less, and Jenny becomes more skilled and capable.

question

When josh was dropped off at preschool on the first day of class, he was quite upset. he cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. Josh appears to have a difficult ____________.

answer

temperament

question

Most parent/teen conflicts _______________________________.

answer

are over rival issues such as hair clothing, and taste in music

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding men?

answer

They go through a time of sexual changes similar to, but less dramatic than, menopause.

question

Children raised with an authoritative style of parenting are often

answer

Children raised with an authoritative style of parenting are often

question

In Erikson's __________________, people must deal with mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business.

answer

life review

question

The generatively versus stagnation developmental crisis occurs during the __________________ stage.

answer

middle adulthood

question

Your nursing home roommate tells you to become more active so that you can slow down the aging process. Your roommate's advice is consistent with the _______________________________ theory of aging.

answer

activity

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