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implicit memory

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The memory of how to perform a task is

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episodic memory

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The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as

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episodic

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Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _______________ memories of the event.

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semantic

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The type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the ancient world is

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what it was and how one did it

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The distinction between semantic and procedural memory is the difference between

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procedural

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In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in _______________ memory.

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prospective memory

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The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called

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encoding

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The process of changing information so that we can place it in memory is called

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maintenance rehearsal

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By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the first time, Jim was engaged in

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retrieval

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The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as

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d

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The correct order of events in memory processing is -retrieval, storage, and encoding -storage, encoding, and retrieval -encoding, retrieval, and storage -encoding, storage, and retrieval

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d

answer

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as -episodic, semantic and implicit -sensory, semantic, and implicit -short-term, near-term, and long-term -sensory, short-term, and long-term

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sensory

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The stage of memory that first encounters stimuli is called

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eidetic memory

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Another term for "photographic memory" is

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all but disappear

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Emily can look at a detailed picture, turn away, and several minutes later recall the particulars of the picture with exceptional clarity. We can expect that by the time she completes high school, this exceptional ability will

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serial-position effect

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Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. This is an example of the

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primacy effect

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Eric can only remember the first few items on his review sheet. This is an example of the

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recency effect

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Paul can only remember the conclusions of his speech. This is an example of the

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chunking

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After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. This process is called

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limited

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The idea that the appearance of new information in short-term memory displaces the old information suggests that STM store is

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schemas

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The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and our expectations are built around cognitive structures called

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b

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People who reconstruct their experience according to their prejudices are -wanting to justify their prejudice beliefs. -allowing a schema to influence their recall. -a and b. -none of the above.

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a

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The idea that long-term memories are not reliable representations of past experiences finds support in evidence that -recollections of a car crash can be influenced by the way in which it is labeled. -short-term memory delays the passage of information into long-term memory. -eyewitness testimony is for the most part accurate. -eidetic imagery is rare among adults.

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c

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Which of the following is not true regarding long-term memory? a. It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive." b. The capacity is unlimited. c. There is a tendency to replace new information with old information. d. The use of cues for retrieval allows for easier access to stored information.

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b

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One difference between the Atkinson-Shiffrin model as it relates to the levels-of-processing model of memory is: a. The levels-of-processing model conflicts with the stages described in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model. b. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model uses the "depth concept" of the levels-of-processing model in each stage of learning. c. According to levels-of-processing model, the long-term stage could still have varying levels of memory endurance. d. Both of the models use prefer elaborative rehearsal as means for memory endurance over maintenance rehearsal.

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d

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Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization? a. Long term memory is usually well organized. b. People organize information according to hierarchical structure. c. Categorization of stimuli is a basic cognitive function used to store information efficiently. d. All of the above.

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c

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One conclusion of Brown and McNeil's classic study of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT) is that the participants tended to store the information in LTM according to a. semantic and visual codes. b. acoustic and visual codes. c. acoustic and semantic codes. d. mnemonic devices.

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c

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The classic studies that first made use of nonsense syllables in the study of forgetting and memory were pioneered by a. George Miller. b. Lloyd and Margaret Peterson. c. Hermann Ebbinghaus. d. William James.

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d

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A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the _______________ memory task. a. paired association b. recall c. relearning d. recognition

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d

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In taking the position that only fill-in-the-blank tests are suitable for testing the knowledge of students, Professor Terry is mainly interested in measuring a. recognition. b. savings. c. relearning. d. recall.

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d

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The concept of method of savings was developed by Ebbinghaus to study the efficiency of _______________. a. recognition b. recall c. repression d. relearning

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d

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In Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs a. slowly over a course of weeks. b. very slowly for a period of days and then rapidly increases. c. at a consistent rate over weeks. d. most rapidly after the material is learned.

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a

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Forgetting that occurs because new information inhibits the retrieval of previously learned information or because previously learned information inhibits the retrieval of new information is explained by a. interference theory. b. decay theory. c. repression. d. displacement.

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d

answer

According to interference theory we forget material because a. new material displaces old material in our memory b. old material displaces the new material in our memory. c. new material is incompatible with old material in our memory. d. a and b only.

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c

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At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using Spanish words he learned in high school. This is an example of a. retroactive interference. b. repression. c. proactive interference. d. method of savings.

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a

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Joy just learned to speak French, but she notices that sometimes when speaking Spanish to her friends French words come to mind. This is an example of a. retroactive interference. b. repression. c. proactive interference. d. method of savings.

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d

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Which of the following statements is true regarding repression? a. The desire to avoid painful memories motivates repression. b. Repression is an attempt to remove painful memories from conscious awareness. c. The concept of heightened memory formation during times of increased stress due to hormone release contradicts the idea of repression. d. All of the above.

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c

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Jessica was upset because she was unable to remember her 4th birthday party, and everyone in her family was always talking about that day. A cognitive explanation for Jessica's memory loss might be a. at four, Jessica was probably not interested in remembering her past. b. her ability to encode sensory input was limited due to her language skills. c. a or b. d. none of the above.

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d

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The clinical effects of head trauma suggest that the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory may require a. configuration. b. drill and practice. c. myelination of brain pathways. d. a period of consolidation.

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c

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The text presents several methods to improve memory skills. Which of the following is not one of them? a. Using rote maintenance rehearsal. b. Relate new information to what you already know. c. Avoid using familiar associations. d. Use unusual, exaggerated associations.

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d

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Mnemonic devices can incorporate chunks of information into a format such as a. acronyms. b. jingles. c. visual imagery. d. all of the above.

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c

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The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the a. cerebral cortex. b. frontal lobe. c. hippocampus. d. thalamus.

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