WH2 – Flashcard
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Characteristics of Civilizations
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Advanced cities Specialization of Labor Complex Institutions Record-Keeping Advanced Technology
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River valleys
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first civilizations are all located here (Nile, Tigris & Euphrates, Indus and Hwang He)
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Fertile
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capable of bearing or producing crops or vegetation; highly productive
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Patterns or Early Civilizations
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Political Patterns Social Patterns Economic Patterns
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Hereditary
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passing naturally from parent to child
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Social classes
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group of people who hold similar positions in society, share similar wealth and receive similar respect from other members of society
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City-States (States)
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Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers;, basic units of Sumerian civilization
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Theocracy
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a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
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Taxes
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fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses
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Surplus
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a quantity much larger than is needed; surplus agriculture
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Barter/Barter Economy
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system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another, an moneyless economy in which trades are made in goods and services instead of money
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Slavery
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the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages;, the state of being under the control of another person
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Irrigation
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The process of SUPPLYING WATER to areas of land to make them suitable for GROWING CROPS
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Polytheistic
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worshipping or believing in more than one god
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Deity
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any supernatural being worshipped as controlling some part of the world or some aspect of life or who is the personification of a force
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Early Written Language
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ancient civilizations developed written language to be able communicate or write out laws;, one of the first languages was Sumerian or Egyptian
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Pictograms/Pictographs
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a symbol for a word or a phrase . such as pictures drawn to tell a story (cave art is an example);, simple drawings that looked like the objects they represented
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Mesopotamia
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first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture
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Hebrews
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Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism.;, a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him
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Phoenicia
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An ancient seafaring civilization located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea;, a culture on the Western Shores of the Meditteranean Sea in what is now Lebanon and parts of Syria and Israel
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Lydia
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the land in Asia Minor noted for purple dye
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Egypt
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an ancient empire west of Israel;, located on the Nile; ruled by pharaohs; civilization based on geography
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Tigris and Euphrates
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The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Turkey through Iraq., two rivers in the fertile crescent
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Sumer
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A group of ancient city-states in southern Mesopotamia; the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia; present day iraq
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Cunieform
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A system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols invented by the sumerians around 3000 B.C...-Sumerians wrote cuneiform by pressing a tool into a clay tablet. Most of their symbols were some type of wedge;Sumerian Pictographs, which are some of the earliest known forms of writing
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Ziggurats
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Massive temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped
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The Wheel
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The wheel is invention that the Sumer people created. People believe they created it first others don't.
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Babylon/Babylonia
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city-state in sumer, whose leader at one point was Hammurabi, who created Hammurabi's code, which is 282 laws/rules that Hammurabi had written on stone tablets
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Hammurabi
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King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law.
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Code of Hammurabi
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A collection of 282 laws. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient world.
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Nebuchadnezzar
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(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia
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Epic of Gilamesh
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one of the earliest known works of literature
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Canaan
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The ancient region lying between the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the Mediterranean: the land promised by God to Abraham
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Jerusalem
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The current capital of Israel and an ancient city that is holy to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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Abraham
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Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.
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Moses
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(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus
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Torah
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the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
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10 Commandments
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Moral code of laws, written by god and given to moses;, Laws given to Moses on Mt. Sinai from God
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Diaspora
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the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs;, the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
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Exodus
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the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses
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Yahweh
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a name for the God of the Old Testament as transliterated from the Hebrew consonants YHVH
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Covenant
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(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
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Judaism
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A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
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Monotheism
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belief in one god
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South Temple Wall/ Wailing Wall
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A high wall in Jerusalem said to stand on the site of Herod's temple, where Jews traditionally pray and lament
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Mediterranean Sea
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A large body of water bordered by Europe, Asia, and Africa
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Sea Trade
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traveling by water to trade with other countries; they were surrounded by water they were close to turkey, Africa, and the middle east; traded Purple dye Blown Glass Lumber
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Alphabet
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a set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language.
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Coins
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A small piece of metal, usually flat and circular, authorized by a government for use as money;, metallic forms of money
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Money Economy
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an economic system based on money rather than barter;, system by which goods and services are paid for through the exchange of a token of agreed value
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Anatolia/ Asia Minor
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The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor
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Nile River
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The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea
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Annual Flood
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The Nile River floods annual. They use irrigation to lead the water to the crops. When the flood happens it leaves silk on the ground, which people used.
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Delta
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flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth
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Giza
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an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile
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Great Pyramids
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oldest and largest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty
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The Sphinx
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statue protecting the pyramid of Khafre depicted with the head of the king and the body of a lion
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Pharoah
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Egyptian ruler who was believed to be the son of Re, the sun god, in human form. He had total authority over people and land;, King of Egypt
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Amenhotep l
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pharoah who defeted and expanded Egyption Teritory
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Hatshepsut
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Queen of Egypt, Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.
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Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton
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Egyptian pharaoh who tried to introduce monotheism to Egypt. After his rule in reverted back to normal. He also did it to try to limit the power of the priests; tried to change religion
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Tutankhamen/Tutankhamun
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Egyptian pharaoh whose tomb yielded an important archaeological find; it had never been found by tomb robbers!, The boy king and wasn't strong or very important pharaoh. Was king at age of nine.Discovery of his tomb intact in 1922 which made king tut famous today.
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Ramses II (The Great)
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New Kingdom pharaoh, known to have the longest rule, expanded Egyptian empire, built many temples such as Abu Simbel
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Valley of the Kings
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The area in Egypt where pharaohs were buried after the Old Kingdom. The tombs were carved into the sides of the cliffs to keep them safe from tomb robbers;, The area in Egypt where pharaohs were buried after the Old Kingdom. The tombs were carved into the sides of the cliffs to keep them safe from tomb robbers.
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Hieroglyphics
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An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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Mummification
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A process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from decaying;, the preservation of the dead
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Canoptic Jars
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Limestone jars that contained the pharaoh's organs for the afterlife; The: Lungs, Liver, Stomach, and Intestines.
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Obelisks
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structure with square base and pyramid top. Represented where the first rays of sun fell., tall stone columns that were built to honor gods
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Osiris
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Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
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Scribes
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people trained to write using the earliest forms of writing before literacy was widespread
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Hyksos
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the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes.
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Old Kingdom
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2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. BUILT THE PYRAMIDS: an eternal resting place for their god-kings.
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Middle Kingdom
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2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.
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New Kingdom
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the period of ancient egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the hyksos rulers, lasting from about1570 to 1075 B.C.
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Papyrus
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paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat
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Advanced cities
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center for trade with a large population and an organized goverment
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Specialization of Labor
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To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker
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Complex Institutions
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law codes, religion, and an economy - they organized, united, and helped civilizations to prosper
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Record-Keeping
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this important development allowed societies to organize and maintain the growing political, social and economic structure that emerged with the settlement in farming areas. These societies that developed record keeping were able to communicate multiple ideas adn large amounts of information that led to greater complexity and growth
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Advanced Technology
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New tools/techniques to meet needs-plows, potter's wheel. Bronze Age, copper+tin.
