AP Psychology Unit 7 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Modern memory model connectionism
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views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks
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working memory
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newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)
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parallel processing
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processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
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encoding information
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processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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hierarchical organization
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organization structured in a way such that every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (also called declarative memory)
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recall
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measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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recognition
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measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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cognitive psychology
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study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking
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prototype
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mental image or best example of a category; provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
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algorithm
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methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics
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heuristics
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simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
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insight
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sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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right temporal lobe
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associated with long-term memory
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confirmation bias
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tendency to search for, interpret, or prioritize information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses
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fixation
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inability to adopt any different or new perspective on a problem
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mental set
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tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past
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functional fixedness
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cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used
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representativeness heuristics
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used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty
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availibility heuristic
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mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision
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framing
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people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on whether it is presented as a loss or as a gain
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morpheme
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smallest grammatical and meaningful unit in a language
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rule of syntax
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how words should be ordered in a sentence to make the sentence meaningful
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babbling
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first stage of language development
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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis
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form of linguistic determinism which argues that individuals experience the world based on the structure of the language they habitually use
