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Fireside chats

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FDR would talk to the public on the radio explaining his actions, so the public would not freak out. It was calming, he called Americans "my friends"

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Brain Trust

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FDR's unofficial advisers who were college professors

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Bank Holiday

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On March 6, 1933 (2 days in office) FDR closed all the banks for 4 days so that he could meet with congress to consider banking reform legislation

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Emergency Banking Act

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All banks had to be inspected before they were allowed to reopen (some needed federal assistance or reorganization before they could reopen) To protect the large banks from the small weak banks. To stop the run of the banks because if your bank reopen than it was safe.

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Twenty-first Amendment

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FDR repealed prohibition

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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

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Provision for reducing crop production to end agricultural surpluses and halt the downward spiral of farm prices. Producers of 7 basic commodities decide on production limits for their crops. Agricultural Adjustment Administration - tell individual farmers how much they should produce and pay them for leaving some of their land idle

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National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

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Asked for every business to accept to temporary "blanket code" (Minimum wage (30¢ - 40¢ per hr) and Maximum workweek (35-40 hrs)) In exchange for relaxing anti-trust provisions business leaders would have to make important concessions to labor (section 7a - recognized workers' right to organize and collectively bargain)

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Blue Eagle

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Symbol of National Recovery Administration (NRA) which enforced the NIRA

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Public Works Administration (PWA)

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(1933) administer the National Industrial Recovery Act's spending programs only gradually allowed the $3.3 billion in public works to trickle out. 1938 finally pumping out money

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Harry Hopkins

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Leader of Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and Works Progress Administration (WPA). He and FDR feared Dole and Dependency because they did not want to lost the "Puritan work ethic"

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Schechter Decision

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Brooklyn Chicken Brothers - Wholesale Poultry business in Brooklyn (confined in NY). Court ruling: unanimous decision = Schechter brothers were not engaged in interstate commerce thus not subject to federal regulation. Congress said the act was unconstitutional because FDR = too much legislative power

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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Public development of the nation's water resources as a source of cheap electric power while stopping floods

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Glass-Steagall Act

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The government = authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

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Truth in Securities Act

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Requiring corporations issuing new securities to provide full and accurate information about them to the public - to protect investors in the stock market

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Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

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Provided cash grants to states to prop up bankrupt relied agencies. Lead by Harry Hopkins

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Keynesian Economics

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Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

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Pump Priming

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Government action taken to stimulate the economy, as spending money in the commercial sector, cutting taxes, or reducing interest rates

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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Provide employment to the millions of young men who could find no jobs in the city. Camps where the young men plant trees, building reservoirs, developing parks, and improving agricultural irrigation. It also got "riding the rail" boys back into society

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Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

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Insure mortgages for new construction and home repairs

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"Second New Deal"

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Launching in the spring of 1935 because growing political pressure and continuing economic crisis. FDR=willing to attack corporate interests openly

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American Liberty League

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Most fervent and wealthiest opponents of the New Deal. Anti-big government, Far right, DuPonts, and called FDR "a traitor to his class". New Deal = "dictatorial" policies and its "attacks" on free enterprise

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Dr. Francis Townsend (Townsend Plan)

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All Americans over 60 would get monthly pensions of $200 IF they retire and they have to spend all the money within a month

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Father Charles Coughlin

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Radio Priest. Advocated for changing the banking and currency system (National union, silver backed money, use of greenbacks, national banking system = more even) Problem: Anti-Semitic and Pro-fascist = getting worse

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Senator Huey Long

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Kingfish. Share-Our-Wealth Plan - each family would have a car, jobs, and home ($15,000) by taxing the rich. FDR feared his influence in the election of 1936 but he was killed in 1935. His slogan: "Every man a king"

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Alf M. Landon

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Ran as the Republican Party nominee against FDR in 1936 and won 8 electoral votes and 36% of popular votes

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Holding Company Act

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1935; Designed to break up the great utility holding companies; amendments will greatly limits its effects

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"Soak the rich" scheme

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People (like Huey Long) wanted to tax the rich and give that money to help the poor. Established the highest and most progressive peacetime tax rates in history - limited actual impact

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National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (Wagner Act)

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To replace section 7A of the NIRA. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). "Magna Carta of labor" - started chipping away the power of big business. reorganized labors' right to organize and bargain collectively

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Francis Perkins

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Secretary of Labor and 1st Woman in cabinet

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Industrial Unionism

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All workers in a particular industry should be organized in a single union regardless of what function the workers performed. United = increase power

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John L. Lewis

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1st president of the congress of Industrial Organizations. Organize by Industry not craft

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Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

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Expanded the constituency of labor. More receptive to women and to back. More militant organization than AFL. Organize by Industry not craft

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Sit-down strike

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They sat down inside the plants refusing to work or leave - preventing the company from using strike breakers. Although effective unions stopped using it because it was illegal

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"Memorial Day Massacre"

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1937; a group of strikers from Republic steel gathered for a peaceful and legal march toward the steel plants when the police opened fire. 10 killed, 90 wounded, strike failed, one of the last brutal strike breaking

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Social Security Act

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Workers pay retirement pay tax and employer matches it and collected when retire. Unemployed = temporary assistance. Federal Aid to disabled and dependent kids and widows. Goal: create insurance NOT welfare

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"Insurance not welfare"

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FDR and others wanted to make sure they were not just giving people money because then they would become dependent

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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A system of work relief for the unemployed. Building stuff and writers, acts, music, and theater projects. Kept an average of 2.1 million workers employed

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Federal Writers' Project

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Unemployed writers were paid by the government to write

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National Youth Administration (NYA)

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Gave work and scholarship assistance to high school and college age men and women

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National Referendum

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By mid 1936 with the economy visibly reviving there was little doubt FDR would win a second term

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Union Party

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ill fated alliance between Father Coughlin, Dr. Townsend, and Gerald L.K. Smith formed this party and nominated William Lemake for president in 1936

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Party Realignment

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A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections

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Coalition

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Western and Southern farmers, urban working class/ union, poor and unemployed, black communities, progressive, and liberals - vote Democrat and continue for 30 years

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"Cout-Packing Plan"

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For every judge over 70 years old FDR could add a new one (adding 6 judges). FDR's goal = change court to factor his plans. It failed but the court changed anyway

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"Purge efforts"

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The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in 1936-1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and executions.

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Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC)

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Commission to examine that concentration with an eye to major reforms in the anti-trust laws.

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Fair Labor Standards Act

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For the 1st time established a national minimum wage and 40 hour work week

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"Broker state"

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Elevated and strengthened new interest groups (business, consumers, labor, agriculture, minority groups, gender)

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Marian Anderson

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Singer who performed in front of Lincoln memorial because of Eleanor Roosevelt

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"Black Cabinet"

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FDR appointed a number of black to create an informal network of officeholders who consulted frequently. Talented 10th

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John Collier

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A part of Bureau of Indian Affairs and created Indian Reorganization Act

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Cultural relativism

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Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture, Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms.

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Indian Reorganization Act

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Restored right to own land collectively (still got unwanted land), they got agricultural income

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Hattie Caraway

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1st woman senator

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Special Protection for Woman

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New Deal - accepted traditional progressive view on "woman's place" - government gave assistance through money not jobs

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Grand Coolie Dam

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On Colombus River, largest public works project in American history to that date, cheap electric power for Northwest; Regional planning - west = most isolated and $ federal aid needed, water, power

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Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

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Make electric power available for the 1st time to thousands of farmers through utility cooperatives

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

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Guaranteed all banks deposits up to $2,500

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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To police the stock market

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Civil Works Administration (CWA)

answer

Between Nov. 1933 and April 1934 it put more than 4 million people to work on temporary projects (Construction of roads, schools, and parks, etc)

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Aid to Dependent Children (ADC)

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It was a public assistance program that provides cash assistance to families with children in need because of the loss of financial support as a result of death, disability, or the continued absence of parent from the home in the 1930s.

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"Black Tuesday"

answer

October 29, 1929. All efforts to save the market failed and there was a Great Crash. 1st Visible sign of the crisis - NOT CAUSE

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The Great Crash

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Beginning of the Great Depression. 5 causes - lack of diversification, maldistribution of purchasing power, credit structure of the economy, declining exports, and international debt structure (after WWI)

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Reparations

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Compensation (money) for WWI. Germany had to pay Allies who owed USA. So when Germany could not pay Allies, the Allies could not pay USA

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Breadlines

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People (mostly men) waiting for food, stretched for blocks

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Garbage Shifters

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People shifted though garbage for food

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Ride the rail

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Nomadic hobo lifestyle of young men. The public feared that they would lose a generation of young men this style of living, but FDR with a New Deal program got them back.

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Soup Kitchens

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Tried to feed the hungry unemployed, but were unequipped to feed so many

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"Dustbowl"

answer

Location of the "black blizzards" (dust storms). Stretched from Texas to the Dakotas. Causes: drought, heat, overuse of land, plowed too deep. There were also Locusts who ate everything

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Resettlement Administration

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1935, helped resettle destitute farmers on better land after the dust bowl

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"Okies"

answer

The farmers who left their homes searching for jobs - most from Oklahoma or Arkansas ("Arkies")

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Scottsboro Case

answer

March 1931, 9 black teens were riding the rail and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder later charged with rape (very little evidence). 8 of them were sentenced to death. International Labor Defense, the NAACP, and the American Communist Party came to their aid and all 9 were released over the next 19 years (last released 1950)

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Walter White

answer

Secretary of NAACP, Once made a personal appearance at an auto plant to implore blacks that they should not work as strikebreakers

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Chicanos

answer

What Mexican Americans were known as

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Depression Families

answer

Husbands/Fathers = ashamed of their unemployment so they left or they would leave to look for work and send money back to their families - Teen boys would leave too looking for work and riding the rails. Wives/Mothers = would have home businesses and open their home to extended family or tenants.

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Socialist Party

answer

Norman Thomas was the new leader. Cited the economic crisis as evidence of the failure of capitalism and sought vigorously to win public support for its own political program

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"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" (1941)

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Author = James Agee, photographer = Walker Evans. It started as an assignment in 1936 to produce a magazine article on the conditions among white sharecropper families in the U.S. south.

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"The Grapes of Wrath" (1939)

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The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

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Radio

answer

Almost every USA family had a radio - community experience because friends and families would gather for favorite programs, sporting events, or concerts. "Amos 'n Andy", "Superman", "The Lone Ranger", George Burns and Gracie Allen

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Soap Operas

answer

Enormously popular especially with women who were alone during the day. Complicated stories of romance, intrigue, and betrayal. Called Soap Operas because soap companies who targeted women sponsored Soap Operas in their ads

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Frank Capra

answer

American Director. Everyman (middle/low class) faces evil and ALWAYS wins. "Mr. Deed goes to town", "Mr.Smith foes to Washington", and "Meet John Doe"

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Herbert Hoover

answer

31st President of USA. People saw him as aloof and unsympathetic to distressed people, approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business)

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff (Act)

answer

Increased protection on 75 farm products to protect American farmers from international competition

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"Hoovervilles"

answer

Shantytowns - named after President Herbert Hoover. Also named after Hoover = "Hoverflags" (turned out pockets flapping in the wind) and "Hooverblankets" (Newspapers to sleep under)

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Depression Culture

answer

During GD social values did not change. Some blamed themselves for their joblessness and thought through their own hard work they would fix their own problems. Some blamed "economic royalists" and looked to the government for help

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Affluence and Consumerism

answer

1920s mainstream culture promoted this and the importance of personal gratification through both of these things

question

Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd

answer

Wrote a study of Muncie, Indiana - "Middletown" (1929) and returned to write "Middletown in Transition" (1937) The culture and values had not changed and remained committed to the traditional Americans emphasized on the individual

question

"Success ethic"

answer

The ideals of work and individual advancement. "Puritan work ethic"

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"Economic royalists"

answer

Blamed by some of the public for the GD along with corporate moguls, international bankers, and others.

question

Dale Carnegie

answer

Wrote a white collar self-help manual "How to win Friends and Influence People" (1936) Personal initiative was the route to success and best way to get ahead was to fit in and make other people feel important

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Documentary photographers

answer

Traveled through the south and west recording the nature of agricultural life. Walker Evans, Ben Shahn (painter), Margaret Bourke-White, and Dorothea Lange (took famous pictures of mothers)

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"Tobacco Road" (1932)

answer

Written by Erskine Caldwell. Exposes on poverty in the rural south

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"Native Son" (1940)

answer

Written by Richard Wright (African-American). Plight of residents of the urban ghetto

question

John Steinbeck

answer

The trials of workers and migrants in California. Wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men"

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"Gone with the Wind"

answer

Written by Margaret Mitchell. Escapist and Romantic dealing with the life of Southern plantation owners during the Civil War. Book - 1936 and Movie - 1939

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Walt Disney

answer

1930s = start of his long reign as the champion of animation and children's entertainment. Animation - Mickey mouse in "Steamboat Willie" (1928), and "Snow White" (1937). Live action - "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) and "Gone with the Wind" (1939)

question

Mae West

answer

Series of successful films as overtly sexual woman manipulating men

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Life Magazine (1936)

answer

One of the most successful magazines in USA history. Devoted some attention to politics, but most known for Pictures

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The Popular Front

answer

A broad Coalition of "anti-fascist" groups on the left. Most important = American Communist Party.

question

"Anti-Fascist"

answer

Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies, governments, groups and individuals. (Ex. The Lincoln Brigade)

question

Lincoln Brigade

answer

Spanish Civil War (1936) - fascist Francisco Franco (with support from Hitler and Mussolini) was taking over the republican Spain (no support from USA or UK). War attracted around 3,000 young American men who traveled to Spain to fight the fascist (one of them was Ernest Hemingway who wrote "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) about his time there). This group was created by the American Communist Party

question

Norman Thomas

answer

New leader of the Socialist Party after Eugene V. Debs died

question

Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU)

answer

Supported by the Socialist Party and run by a Socialist H.L. Mitchell. Attempted to create a biracial coalition of Share-croppers, tenant farmers, etc.

question

American Communist Party

answer

Under instruction from USSR to soften its attitude toward FDR because Stalin saw him as an ally against Hitler (which is why they supported the New Deal). But then they abandoned their soften attitudes when the USSR signed a non-aggressive pact with Nazi Germany. They took orders from the USSR but did not understand how bad the soviet communism was, they still saw communism in the ideal form.

question

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

answer

A government agency whose purpose was to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, etc. Failed to deal directly or forcefully enough with real problems of the economy. Hoover's program not FDR's

question

Farmer's Holiday Association

answer

A group of unhappy farmers endorsed the withholding of farm products from the markets. Farmers' strikes failed/ ignored

question

Bonus Expeditionary Force

answer

WWI Veterans were promised to receive a payment of $1,000 in 1945 - but in 1932 they wanted the money immediately. So they gathered for the "Bonus Army" and marched/ camped in DC to get their money. Hoover sent in the Police then the Army to get rid of them.

question

General Douglas MacArthur

answer

Carried out the mission from Hoover to forcefully remove the "Bonus Army". He sent in the Third Cavalry, 2 infantry regiment, a machine gun detachment, and six tanks. The Veterans fled in terror and their tent colony was burned. More than 100 veterans were injured and two died. Also involved Dwight D. Eisenhower, and George S. Patton

question

Election of 1932

answer

Hoover - Republican (few believed he could win) vs. FDR - Democrat. Popular votes - FDR = 57.4% and 43 states. Hoover = 39.4% and 5 states. Other = 3% and no states

question

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

answer

32nd President of USA. Before Presidents (very similar to Teddy) = NY state legislature, Assistant Sec. of Navy, VP candidate 1920, 1921 stricken with Polio, 1928 - Governor of NY. As NY Gov. Depression actions (programs and government assistance and energetic showed imagination. Inauguration speech - goal = alleviate panic. "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself"

question

Dow Jones Industrial Average

answer

The Stock market report

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