EXSC 210 Practice test 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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The leading researcher during period 3 (1938-1965) was
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Franklin Henry
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The father of American sport psychology is
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Coleman Griffith
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Scientifically derived knowledge has some limitations, including that it You Answered
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is reductionist is very slow to evolve tends to be conservative
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The interactional approach assumes that
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situational and personal variables are codeterminants of behavior and highly aggressive people, for example, will usually react in an aggressive manner when placed in an aggressive situation
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The most superficial, and therefore most easily changed, part of a personality structure is its
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role-related behavior
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Recent research has been critical of some of the findings concerning the relationship between mood states and performance. Which of the following is NOT a recommended guideline for the use of mood profiling with elite athletes?
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Use it as a predictor of team success.
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The results of the Sorrentino and Sheppard study have which of the following practical implications?
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The four fastest swimmers would not necessarily make the best relay team. Both situation and personal factors should be considered in understanding motivation.
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In a general sense, motivation can be defined as
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the intensity and direction of one's effort
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Stable attributions are linked to
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expectations of future success or failure
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According to the catastrophe model, a catastrophe occurs with
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high cognitive anxiety and high physiological arousal
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A quarterback needs to shift his attentional focus from surveying the field for receivers to delivering a pass. This shift would be from
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broad-external to narrow-external
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The relationship between arousal and performance depends on one's interpretation of the arousal level. This is the basic approach of
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reversal theory
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Coakley defines competition as
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a social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance
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The key part of Martens' definition of competition is
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social comparison
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Which of the following is characteristic of cooperative games?
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They require little equipment or money. Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of social support?
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communication sport
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Having all members of an exercise class wear special T-shirts with special logos is a way of enhancing group
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distinctiveness
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The results of a study by Ingham and colleagues (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performance were primarily due to
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a decrease in motivation
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Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues?
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autocratic leadership style
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A sociogram is
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an illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members
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Which of the following statements is true?
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There is a positive relationship between both task and social cohesion and performance.
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The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is
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the behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals
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According to research on leadership behavior in youth sports by Smith and colleagues, which of the following is true?
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Players with high self-esteem were not as affected by coaches' supportiveness and instructiveness as were players with low self-esteem.
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Which of the following is true regarding antecedents of coaches' expectations and values?
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There are cross-cultural variations in coaching behaviors.
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Which of the following is FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior?
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Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do.
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Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice which communication skills?
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Avoid interrupting others when they are speaking. Confront issues right away.
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Which of the following is NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings?
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What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting.
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Nonverbal communication in sport is important, as shown by the finding that
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athletes displayed more confidence when their opponents wore general sportswear
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Which of the following is true? Olympic swimmers look to coaches for technical skills before social competence skills. Communication patterns differ between more successful versus less successful tennis doubles teams. Nonverbal behavior and clothing worn by athletes influence the ratings others give them regarding their performance. a and b b and c
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b and c
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When new psychological skills are being learned, how long should they generally be practiced?
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3 to 5 days a week, 15 to 30 minutes a day
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A baseball player's slump can be caused by what kind of problems?
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psychological biomechanical physiological
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According to Vealey's analysis, which of the following reflects foundation methods in PST training?
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physical practice education
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The goal of the Sports United to Promote Education and Recreation program (SUPER), developed by Danish and his colleagues, is
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to teach adolescents skills in sport that they can transfer to other aspects of their lives
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Which of the following is NOT a tenet of progressive relaxation? Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously. A decrease in muscle tension will lead to a decrease in mental tension. Progressively contract and relax the major muscle groups in the body. a and b b and c
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Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously.
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The matching hypothesis refers to
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matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each athlete
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Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is true? - The more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis. - Negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance. - The deeper the trance, the less likely the hypnosis will be effective. - a and b - a and c
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- a and b
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The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as
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problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping
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Imagery functions as a coding system to help individuals acquire movement patterns. This describes
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symbolic learning theory
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According to the experimental evidence, which of the following is true? -Imagery is effective in improving the learning and performance of motor skills. - Tasks involving mostly cognitive components demonstrate the greatest positive benefits. -Imagery helps individuals only in learning a new skill; it does not help performance once the skill is well learned. - a and b -b and c
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- a and b
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Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image?
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image itself image meaning somatic response to the image
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Which is true? -Individuals should image only successful events. - Individuals should image mostly unsuccessful events. - Individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure. -a and c
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- Individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure.
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Which of the following is true? -Coaches spend more time with high-expectancy athletes. -Coaches show more positive affect to high-expectancy athletes. -Coaches spend more time with low-expectancy athletes. -a and b -b and c
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-a and b
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The four-step process concerning the formation of a coach's expectations and the effects of those expectations on the coach's and athlete's behavior signifies that
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coaches should continually reevaluate an athlete's ability throughout the season coaches should carefully monitor their quantity and quality of reinforcement and instructional feedback
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Collective efficacy refers to
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each individual's perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole
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Coaching efficacy is composed of all of the following areas except
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playing experience
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The mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of goal setting includes -directing the performer's attention to important elements of a skill -mobilizing effort and increasing persistence by providing incentives -the development and employment of new learning strategies -all of these
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all
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Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n) ______ goal.
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outcome; performance
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Which of the following is a common problem when setting goals? -setting too few goals - failing to adjust goals -failing to recognize individual differences - b and c - a and b
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b and c
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In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set
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process, performance, and outcome goals
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Tennis and baseball players are able to successfully hit balls traveling toward them at high speeds because
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they have learned to predict the flight of the ball by using advanced attentional cues
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According to the new theories of multiple resource pools, attentional capacity is
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distributed throughout the nervous system
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"Ironic processes in sport" refers to
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the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentally
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The concept of attentional alertness operates under the assumption that increases in arousal
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narrow attention
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Which of the following is true? -Aerobic exercise is associated with less consistent reductions in state anxiety than anaerobic exercise is. -The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs only after intense exercise. - Activities such as weight lifting and yoga are associated with positive psychological well-being. - a and c - a and b
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- Activities such as weight lifting and yoga are associated with positive psychological well-being.
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Which of the following regarding the relationship between exercise and depression is true? -The positive effects are seen across age, health status, and gender. -Both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression. -Reductions in depression after exercise depend on fitness levels. - a and b - a and c
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- a and b
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Researchers have found that exercise usually reduces state anxiety for approximately
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2 to 6 hours
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According to research on adherence to exercise programs, what percentage of individuals starting an exercise program are likely to drop out after six months?
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50%
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The number one barrier to physical activity is
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time
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The three basic constructs in self-determination theory are
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relatedness, autonomy, effectance
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Based on a study of injured elite skiers, which of the following was NOT a recommendation to coaches for helping athletes cope with season-ending injuries and for facilitating rehabilitation?
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Motivate by pushing the athlete hard to improve.
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A variety of studies have investigated the effects of psychological training on adherence to injury rehabilitation protocols. Which of the following psychological factors was found to be related to rehabilitation adherence?
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self-motivation positive self-talk
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Which of the following characteristics was identified by athletic trainers as a way to distinguish between athletes who coped most successfully with injury and those who coped least successfully?
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willingness to listen to the trainer maintaining a positive attitude about injury
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Thompson, Garner, and Rosen list some dos and don'ts for dealing with eating disorders. Which of the following is a don't? -Get help and advice from a specialist. -Emphasize the importance of good long-term nutrition. -Recommend weight loss in order to improve performance. -Hold team weigh-ins. - c and d
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- c and d
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Which of the following is a symptom of a person who is negatively addicted to exercise?
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decreased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed exercise is given increased priority over other activities
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Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of people who are substance abusers?
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very little sweating
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The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity loads for performance enhancement is called
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periodized training
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Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give other players to help prevent burnout in the future?
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Try to make it fun. Balance tennis with other aspects of your life.
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According to Dale and Weinberg's study on leadership style and burnout,
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coaches with a consideration style of leadership exhibited higher levels of burnout than coaches with an initiating structure style of leadership
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The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are _____ in nature
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intrinsic in nature
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The positive "sandwich" approach to correcting errors involves
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positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement
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Which of the following is NOT a coaching guideline put forth by Smoll and Smith (1980) and Weiss (1991)?
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Reward outcome more than effort.
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What are the four most prominent theories of aggression?
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instinct theory frustration-aggression theory social learning theory revised frustration-aggression theory
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Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis?
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Frustration produces physical but not psychological aggression.
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Research on game reasoning (also called bracketed morality) has shown that
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athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment
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In research by Vallerand and colleagues (1996), which of the following was NOT one of the factors that athletes reported as making up the components of good sporting behavior?
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respect and concern for coaches and parents
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A rule in youth sport might state that everyone must play in the game. However, one coach plays certain players of lower ability for only a couple of minutes each game so the team has a better chance of winning. This action violates the concept of
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fair play
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Which of the following statements is true? -Participants in organized sport are less likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior. -Participants in organized sport are more likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior. -Participation in competitive sport has no relationship to delinquent behavior. - Participation in organized sport only reduces delinquent behavior for middle-class and upper-middle-class youths. - a and d
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-Participants in organized sport are less likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior.
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Which of the following statements is true? -Continuous reinforcement is best in the early stages of learning. -An intermittent schedule of reinforcement is best once the skill is well learned. -Behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule persist longer than those reinforced on an intermittent schedule. -a and b -a and c
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-Continuous reinforcement is best in the early stages of learning. -An intermittent schedule of reinforcement is best once the skill is well learned. **a and b
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Which of the following statements regarding flow is true? -Most athletes think that flow is an uncontrollable state. -Athletes can learn to get into a flow state. -Flow is related to improvements in psychological states. - b and c -a and b
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- b and c
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A study by Amorose and Horn (2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of
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coaching behaviors
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Which of the following is seen as a major growth area in the field of sport psychology in the upcoming years? -exercise psychology - life skills development -personality -all of the above -a and b
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-a and b
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Zajonc's social facilitation theory predicts that
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performance on well-learned tasks is facilitated by an audience
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Who was the first woman to practice sport psychology and conduct research in this area as well as develop the relaxation-set method to help a boxing team?
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Dorothy Yates
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The Big 5 model of personality is important because these five characteristics
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have been found to exist across individuals
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Which of the following is important when administering psychological inventories? -knowledge of testing principles and measurement error - sensitivity to one's own limitations -using psychological tests for optimal team selection -a and b -a and c
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-a and b
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Which of the following statements about exercise and personality is true? - There is a positive relationship between exercise and self-concept. -Exercise has consistently been related to changes from type A behavior to type B behavior. - Exercise participation is highly correlated with anxiety. -a and b - a and c
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- There is a positive relationship between exercise and self-concept.
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In the competence motivation theory, ______ and _________ influence perceived competence, which in turn influences affect and motivation.
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feedback; motivational orientations
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Attribution theory focuses on
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how individuals explain their success and failure
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In terms of emotional factors, high achievers focus on _______, whereas low achievers focus on ________.
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pride; shame
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Multidimensional anxiety theory predicts
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a negative relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance an inverted-U relationship between somatic anxiety and performance
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Which of the following is true regarding the home-court advantage?
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Between 1924 and 1982, the home team in the baseball World Series won 38% of the time when there was a seventh game.
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The Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) is an example of a
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situation-specific trait anxiety
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? -Boys play competitive games more frequently than girls. - Boys' games are less aggressive and involve less risk taking than girls' games. - Girls play games in predominantly male groups more often than boys play games in predominantly female groups. - a and b - a and c
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- a and c
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According to Johnson and Johnson, appropriate competition has which of the following characteristics?
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Everyone must have a reasonable chance to win. The rules must be clear and fair.
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Shields and Bredemeier introduced the terms competition and decompetition. Which of the following statements about decompetition (and decompetitors) is true?
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Opponents see each other as rivals. Stretching the rules to win is not uncommon. Winning is the most important thing.
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Ryan's studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that
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wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship
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The ratio of positive to negative behaviors recommended to coaches by the Positive Coaching Alliance is
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5:1
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Which of the following is a reason in support of the use of punishment?
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Individuals experiencing punishment are at negligible risk for emotional problems. Punishment will deter future cheating or other wrongdoing. Punishment lets teammates know that others are being held accountable for their actions.
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Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing?
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increase identifiability break the team into smaller units
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The idea that a level of performance is established by a group as acceptable has been called a
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norm for productivity
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Olympic Women's basketball coach Tara Vanderveer created an expectation of success by simulating a mock ceremony of the team winning the gold medal at the Georgia Dome. This was an example of creating a strong
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norm for productivity
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Which of the following statements about building cohesion is true?
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Set goals that are only moderately difficult to accomplish to keep up spirits. Encourage team identity.
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Which of the following was found to be a barrier to cohesion?
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members struggling for power
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In this exercise, team members work in small groups to produce responses about how an ideal teammate would react to a list of hypothetical but realistic situations. Unacceptable and acceptable behaviors are then discussed and agreed upon by the team as a whole. This exercise is designed to build
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positive group norms
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In a more recent follow-up study on coach John Wooden (Gallimore & Tharp, 2004), it was concluded
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specific planning was critical to administering the heavy information load Wooden considered instruction via information a positive approach to coaching
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Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of leadership development in sport?
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strong relationship with parents
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Which of the following statements regarding peer leadership is true? -Peer leadership is positively related to task and social cohesion. -When compared to teammates, peer leaders are perceived to have higher competence. - While coaches desire to have their captains lead, they provide little instruction on how to do so. -all of these - a and b
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all
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Recent research on empathy in coaches and athletes found
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coaches of individual sport teams were more accurate in predicting athlete feelings about the relationship than team sport coaches coaches' empathy was improved with more exposure to each athlete
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In a study investigating verbal and nonverbal feedback used by coaches in practice and competition, results found
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verbal and nonverbal feedback was about 50% each during practice
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A program has been developed to improve coach, athlete, and parent communication by putting mental training on smartphones, tablets, and computers so everyone can talk to one another. The name of this is
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MentalApp
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Performance profiling as a means of assessing athletes' mental skills works by asking athletes to
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identify, assess, and compare their own mental skills against those of other elite athletes in their sport
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Which of the following is a consideration when teaching mental skills to athletes with disabilities? -developing trust and rapport -making sure males consult with males and females with females - ensuring that the venues are accessible -a and b - a and c
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- a and c
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Experts compared to non-experts
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anticipated opponents' intentions more quickly
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Cognitive restructuring attempts to
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identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements
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Which of the following is true? -Athletes use more physical relaxation strategies than mental relaxation strategies to cope with anxiety in sport. - Athletes use more mental relaxation strategies than physical relaxation strategies to cope with anxiety in everyday life. - Professional athletes engaged in more relaxation techniques than did collegiate athletes. - all of these
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all
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In a review of literature investigating the effects of relaxation interventions on performance and anxiety reduction in elite athletes, it was found that
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over 80% found a reduction in anxiety or an increase in performance only about 55% found a reduction in anxiety and an increase in performance
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Bioinformational theory states that images have two propositions called
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response and stimulus propositions
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Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in negative consequences or outcomes? -imagery creating too much anxiety - imagery directing attention to irrelevant cues - imagery that makes a performer overconfident -all of these
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all
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Exercise imagery has been shown to have several functions, including
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improving exercise technique helping develop routines
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The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments comes from
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performance accomplishments
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According to recent research on the "hot hand" in basketball, if a coach needed to choose a player to take the last critical shot, he should choose
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the player with the hot hand who is also generally a good shooter
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Research indicates that high-ability golfers relied on _______ for efficacy information whereas lower ability golfers relied on _______ for efficacy information.
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handicap; previous practice
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Which of the following is true regarding goal-setting practices of high school and collegiate coaches?
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The only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high.
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Simply telling an athlete to "do your best" is
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not specific enough
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In an attempt to build hope, Gould and colleagues created the Power 4W program. Which of the following is NOT one of the Power 4W components?
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wade power
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According to a summary of 25 years of research on association and dissociation
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dissociation can reduce the fatigue and monotony of training or recreational runs
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In a study by Jordet and Harman (2008) on choking in soccer, they found that a player was more likely to choke (miss a shot) in a shootout when
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a goal would tie the game
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In a review of the self-talk literature, Hatzigeorgiadis and colleagues found
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self-talk significantly improved performance
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Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between exercise and self-esteem?
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Positive changes in self-esteem related to exercise have been found in normal populations.
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What conclusion have researchers reached concerning the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning?
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Overall, there is a moderate relationship between exercise and improved cognitive functioning. Exercise programs conducted over longer periods are associated with gains in cognitive functioning.
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Recent research on the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and cognitive functioning indicates that
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the effects were largest on tasks involving executive control
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Research on the use of mirrors during exercise for women indicates
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mirrors should not be used when women have been sedentary
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Which of the following statements is true of the use of a decision balance sheet?
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It involves sensitizing potential exercise participants to the positive and negative outcomes of participating in an exercise program
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Which of the following findings using behavior modification approaches to exercise adherence is true?
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People willing to sign a statement of intent to comply with the exercise program had significantly better attendance than those refusing to sign such a statement. Individuals given a choice concerning the activities they participated in had higher levels of adherence than individuals who were not given a choice.
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According to the ecological model, the key aspect of this model is
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the physical environment
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Forecasting bias refers to
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believing exercise will be less enjoyable than it actually is
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Which of the following is a psychological skill employed during the rehabilitation process?
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goal setting self-talk
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Research by Perna and colleagues using cognitive-behavioral stress management on rowers found
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a decrease in days lost due to injury over the season
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Stress management has been shown to be particularly effective in reducing injuries for individuals who are
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high in risk of becoming injured
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The biopsychosocial model is especially relevant for which type of sport situation?
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high-intensity training maximum effort commitment to challenging goals
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The rate of steroid use in high schools has increased from 1 in 27 in 1999 to what in 2003?
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1 in 16
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The ATLAS and ATHENA programs focus on
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reducing substance abuse and poor nutrition among high school boys and girls
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The term bigorexia refers to a condition in which
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males want to bulk up and thus are prone to steroid use
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Some people believe that performance-enhancing drugs should be legalized in professional sports. Which of the following is an argument put forth for legalization? -Players would be performing at an even higher level, which spectators like. - It would lead to greater interest in sports, resulting in more money spent on game attendance and related merchandise. -Inconsistencies in administering drug policies would be eliminated. -all of these -a and b
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all
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The principal psychological symptom of staleness is
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increased mood disturbance
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Gould and colleagues summarized their findings by stating that there are two major "strains" of burnout. These two strains are _________ and _________ in nature.
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social-psychological; physical
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Coakley's model of burnout emphasizes which two concepts?
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unidimensional identity and the lack of athlete control over the environment
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Research investigating self-determination theory and burnout has found
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higher levels of competence, autonomy, and relatedness were related to lower levels of burnout self-determined forms of motivation were related to lower levels of burnout
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According to the code of ethics developed by the American Sport Education Program, which of the following is NOT part of a sport parent's responsibility?
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Act as a coach as well as a parent if you know the sport.
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According to research, which of the following statements concerning trait anxiety and young athletes is true?
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Young athletes have only slightly elevated levels of trait anxiety.
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Which of the following implications for practices is based on the research on peer friendships?
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Teamwork and group goals should be emphasized. Time should be provided for children to be with their friends.
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When asked what they hope their children will gain from playing competitive sports, parents indicate which of the following is very important?
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development of personal and social values
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General strategies for controlling spectator aggression include which of the following?
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Develop strict alcohol control policies. Immediately penalize spectators for aggressive acts.
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When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." In this statement Stern clearly indicated that _________ morality would not be accepted or tolerated.
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bracketed
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The International Society of Sport Psychology developed a position paper on aggression in sport. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations?
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Let athletes decide on what punishments are appropriate for different aggressive and violent behaviors.
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The general aggression model proposes that the probability of aggression increases because of
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an interaction of situations and personal beliefs
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In Trulson's (1986) study investigating the use of sport involvement to reduce delinquency and aggression, it was found that
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participation in tae kwon do, which emphasizes philosophical reflection and meditation, reduced aggressive tendencies
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Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the relationship between sport participation and delinquency?
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undifferentiated arousal
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Research indicates that participation in sport
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does not necessarily increase or decrease moral development
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Which of the following is part of the five-step approach to the prevention of hazing in sport?
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acquire the skills to react to a hazing event interpret the hazing event as a problem notice the hazing event
