Last Minute Study Sheet for SAT II Biology – Flashcards
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transpiration
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release of water from stomata
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translocation (chromosomes)
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chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes
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translocation (plants)
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movement of food up and down phloem
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transcription
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DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
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translation
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decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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meiosis
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cell division that produces gametes
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mitosis
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cell division for growth and repair in body cells
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hydrolysis
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Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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lenticels
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opening in bark, lets gases in and out
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plasmodesmata
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a cell-to-cell junction in plants that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
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synthesis
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creation of a more complex compound from a simpler one
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pepsin
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Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
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trypsin
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enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
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steapsin
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a pancreatic enzyme that acts upon lipids or fats to produce glycerine and fatty acids
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amylase
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enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
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peptidase
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breaks down dipeptides into amino acids
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ATP
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main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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ADP
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The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
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AMP
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a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism
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substrate
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reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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arthropod
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invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin
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tendon
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bone to muscle
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ligament
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bone to bone
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chondrocyte
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cartilage cell
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osteocyte
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bone cell
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gametogenesis
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production of gametes
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spermatogenesis
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production of sperm
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oogenesis
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production of eggs
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phloem
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carries food up and down plant
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xylem
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carries water up plant through transpiration pull
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cambium
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the layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells
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meristem
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undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root
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parenchyma
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carries out photosynthesis, stores food
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collenchyma
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type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall; helps support larger plants
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sclerenchyma
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Type of plant cell with thick, rigid cell walls
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skeletal muscle
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voluntary muscle; controlled by cerebellum
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smooth muscle
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involuntary muscle; controlled by medulla oblongata
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cardiac muscle
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heart muscle; controlled by medulla oblongata
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tundra
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a vast treeless plain in the arctic regions between the ice cap and the tree line, lichen/moss/grass
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taiga
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coniferous trees, short growing season, cold
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temperate deciduous forest
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forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually
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grasslands
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A biome dominated by grasses and associated herbaceous plants
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desert
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succulent plants like cacti, small animals, dry, temperature fluctuates
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NAD+
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a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain
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FAD
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electron carrier molecule similar to NAD+
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oxidation
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loss of ions
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reduction
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gain of ions
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lysosome
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breaks down material with enzymes
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peroxisome
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site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules are broken down
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Smooth ER
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synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells) involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs to make soluble and easier to flush from body
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Rough ER
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A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
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valance level
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different "shells" of an atom, where each level has a different number of electrons
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carboxyl
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-COOH, found in organic acids
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amino
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-NH2, acts as a base, found in all amino acids
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phosphate
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-PO4(3-), makes up the sides of the DNA ladder with deoxyribose
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phospholipid
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A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
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triglyceride
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3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol, most fats are eaten and absorbed in this form, carbohydrate
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glycerol
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Combines with fatty acids to make lipids
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glycogen
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The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose
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glucagon
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raises blood sugar
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insulin
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lowers blood sugar
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ACTH
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stimulates adrenal cortex
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FSH
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stimulates gonads
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LH
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stimulates production of sperm and ova
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TSH
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stimulates the function of the thyroid gland
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cortisol
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controls balance and body stress
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Law of dominance
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this states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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Law of segregation
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members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair
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Law of independent assortment
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each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
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Law of probability
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If there are several events, with no one event more likely to occur than any other, then all happen equally over a large number of trials
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Centromere
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area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
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Centrosome
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small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus
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chromosome
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a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
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chromatid
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one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
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chromatin
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the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
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larynx
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voice box
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pharynx
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throat
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lymphocyte
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type of white blood cells that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens
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phagocyte
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a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms
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erythrocyte
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red blood cell
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thrombocyte
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platelet
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leukocyte
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white blood cell
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neuron
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nerve cell
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nephron
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functional unit of the kidney
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nephridia
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kidney like filters in earthworms that excrete waste and excess water
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malphighian tubule
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in most arthropods, the waste-excreting structure that also helps maintain homeostatic water balance.
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gastric caeca
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long "fingery" glands next to the gizzard and the stomach of a grasshopper that secrete enzymes that aid in the digestive process
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ganglion
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group of nerve cells
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gastrula
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double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula
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blastula
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The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development
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morula
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a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits
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cleavage
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cell division in zygote
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cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm
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interkinesis
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dormant period in mitosis
