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This helps students of economics understand the relationships in the economy.

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Circular Flow Diagram

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The value of time, money, goods, and services given up in an economic choice.

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Opportunity Cost

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The basic economic problem facing all societies is the realization that all resources and wants are finite and therefore limited.

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Scarcity

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This individual makes purchases of goods and services in the market place.

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Consumer

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The production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

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What an Economist studies?

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What, for whom, and how to produce.

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The Three Basic Questions

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An economy in which the decisions are made according to supply and demand.

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Market Economy

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An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by private citizens.

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Capitalism

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An economic system in which the factors of production are controlled by the government.

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Command Economy

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Land, labor, and capital form this foundation in economics.

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Factors of Production

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Those resources necessary in the production of goods and services. These include labor or humans, money or capital, and land or resources.

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Economic Resources

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Growing integration of national economies around the world, fostering greater trade, foreign investment, and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization promoting fair trade.

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Globalization

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The point on the supply and demand graph where supply and demand intersect.

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Equilibrium

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Factors which cause the supply curve to shift to the right or the left. These determinants include prices of resources, technology, number of producers, future price and market expectations, price of related goods or services.

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Determinants of Supply

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A condition in the market where the supply cannot meet the demand, and there is an increase in the price of the good or service.

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Market Shortage

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The condition in the market where the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded. The result will see a decrease in the price of a good or service.

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Market Surplus

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When a single producer has complete control over one kind of good or service.

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Monopolistic market

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These pieces of legislation were designed to break up monopolies and promote competition within a market.

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Anti-trust Law

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This term is used to describe the individuals wage rate as it relates to what it buys.

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Real Wage

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The Central Bank of the United States, in charge of monetary policy. There goal is to promote economic growth, employment, and control interest rates.

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The Federal Reserve Bank

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This is a store of value, a medium of exchange, or a unit of account.

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Money

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This is the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in a country.

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GDP Gross Domestic Product

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Purchases of equipment for the use in producing a product.

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Capital Investment

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This is the low point of a normal business cycle. At this point in the cycle, consumer spending declines, unemployment rises, and growth slows or stops.

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Recession

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An increase in the average level of prices due to the decline in the value of the currency.

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Inflation

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A policy initiated by the FED during periods of high inflation. The FED begins to tighten the money supply in hopes of decreasing the quantity of money in the economy.

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Contractionary Monetary Policy

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A policy initiated in the recession period of the business cycle. The FED will release into the economy more money in hopes of stimulating employment, consumer spending, and economic growth. This may result in a decline in the value of the dollar.

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Expansionary Monetary Policy

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This system of banking demands the banks maintain a fraction of all deposits on reserve. Banks can lend out the remaining portion and charge higher interest rates then they pay bank depositors.

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Fractional Reserve Banking

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The up and down period of economic activity that illustrates periods of growth and contraction.

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The Business Cycle

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This is a form of taxation where the average rate increases as income increases. Such a tax claims not only a larger absolute dollar amount but also a larger percentage of income as income increases. Federal Income Tax is a form of this tax.

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Progressive Tax

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This economic condition customarily involved high unemployment, low growth, high inflation.

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Stagflation

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This progressive tax is the largest form of tax revenues for the federal government.

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Personal Income Tax

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When government expenditures exceeds tax revenues.

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Budget Deficit

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When a government accumulates deficits.

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Government Debt

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This is the process of buying and selling government bonds by the Federal Reserve Bank.

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Open Market Operations

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This international agreement eliminated trade barriers between the three members.

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NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

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These are a share of the profits of a corporation paid out to its stockholders.

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Dividends

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This economic environment exists when a countries exports exceed their imports.

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Favorable Balance of Trade

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This is a collection of stocks that individual may invest in. This investment vehicle allows the individual to decrease the risk.

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Mutual Fund

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This index is the price of a basket of goods measured from one year tot he next.

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Consumer Price Index

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This allows people to borrow money for the purchase of goods and services. Individuals may spend beyond their means as a result.

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Credit Cards

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This type of business entity is owned and run by one individual. There is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. All profits and all losses accrue to the owner

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Sole Proprietorship

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These are taxes imposed upon imported goods to protect domestic industry.

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Protective Tariff

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This is the basic economic problems all societies face.

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Scarcity of resources

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This is the individual in the marketplace who makes purchases of goods and services for personal use.

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Consumer

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Goods that can be used as a resource for further production.

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Capital Good

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A good that an individual uses for personal use.

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Consumer Good

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A cargo ship, iron smelter, a hammer, and an assembly line are examples of these...

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Capital Goods

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A television, cell phone, and hammer are examples of these . . .

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Consumer Goods

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A situation in which more of one thing necessarily means less of something else.

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Trade-off

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These are the three basic questions that all economies have to answer.

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What to produce? For Whom to Produce? and How to Produce?

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These economic factors are always limited in supply.

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Resources

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This economic factor is unlimited and helps to produce the effect of scarcity.

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Wants

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This has increased foreign trade, foreign investment, and the development of the World Trade Organization.

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Globalization

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This factor of demand will increase or decrease the demand in the marketplace.

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Number of Buyers

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This is usually associated with the wild fluctuation of price on demand.

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Elastic Demand

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The following goods, such as milk, water, and utilities are these type of demand products because they are considered necessities.

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Inelastic Demand

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This show the relationship between consumers in the marketplace and price.

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Demand Curve

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This market condition raises prices.

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Market Shortage

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At this point, unemployment is low.

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Peak of a Business Cycle

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The notion that a limited amount of money can be raised. This is usually associated with a sole proprietorship.

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Limited Capital

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