Mastering Anatomy and Physiology ch. 1 terms – Flashcards
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anatomy
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the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts ad their relationships to one another.
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Physiology
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the study of how the body and its parts work or function
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atoms
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the building blocks of matter
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cells
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the smallest units of living things
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tissues
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the groups of similar cells that have a common function
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organ
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a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
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organ system
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a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
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organism
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all organ systems that make up the living human being, at the highest level
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integumentary
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external covering of the body; skin
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skeletal system
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protects and supports body organs, provides muscle attachment for movement, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals
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muscular system
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produces movement, maintains posture, produces heat
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nervous system
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the body's fast acting control system, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands
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endocrine system
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secretes hormones, 2types of glands
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cardiovascular system
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transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart; oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
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lymphatic system
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returns fluids to blood vessels, cleanses the blood, involved in immunity
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respiratory system
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keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
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endocrine gland
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ductless; dumps hormones directly into the blood; used in growth, reproduction, and metabolism
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exocrine gland
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pancreas; ducts secrete enzymes for digestion
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urinary system
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elimantes nitrogenous wastes, maintains acid-base balance, regulates water and electrolytes
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reproductive system
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produces offspring, testes produce sperm and testosterone; ovaries produce eggs and progesterone/estrogen
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sterol hormone
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lipid based hormones; testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
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necessary life functions
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homeostasis, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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homeostasis
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maintaining boundaries and a stable body condition
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movement
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locomotion through skeletal and muscles & movement of substances through blood
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responsiveness
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respond to external and internal stimuli, ability to sense changes and react
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digestion
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breakdown and absorption of nutrients using enzymes, absorbed into small intestine
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metabolism
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chemical reactions within the body; produces ATP through aerobic respiration; regulated by hormone thyroxin
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hydrolysis
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breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones (split bond by adding water)
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condensation
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build larger molecules from smaller ones (remove water to form bond)
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excretion
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eliminates waste from metabolic reaction in urine or feces
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reproduction
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sexual; germ cells in ovary/testes undergo meiosis
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growth
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mitosis; increase cell size and number of cells
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survival needs
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nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, atmospheric pressure, homeostasis
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nutrients
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chemical for energy and cell building; includes carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
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oxygen
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required for aerobic respiration
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water
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60 to 80% of body weight; most abundant chemical in the human body; provides for metabolic reaction
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stable body temperature
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37 degrees celsius or 98 degrees F
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atmospheric pressure
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must be appropriate for gas exchange
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homeostatic imbalance
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disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease; the body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems;
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receptor
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respond to changes in the environment (stimuli); sends information to the control center
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control center
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determines set point; analyzes information; determines appropriate response
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effector
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provides a means for response to the stimulus
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negative feedback
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most homeostatic control mechanisms; shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity; works like a thermostat
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positive feedback
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increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther; childbirth and blood clotting
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superior/cranial/cephalad
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toward the head or upper part of body; above
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inferior/caudal
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away from the head; below
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ventral/anterior
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toward the front of the body; in front of
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dorsal/posterior
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toward the backside of the body; behind
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medial
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toward or at the midline; inner side
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lateral
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away from midline; outer sides
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intermediate
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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proximal
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close to the origin of the body part
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distal
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farther from the origin of a body part
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anatomical position
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the body's standard position with arms at sides and palms formard
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superficial external
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toward body surface
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deep/internal
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away from body surface
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abdominal
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anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
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acromial
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point of shoulder
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antebrachial
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forearm
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antecubital
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anterior surface of elbow
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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buccal
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cheek
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carpal
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wrist
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cervical
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neck region
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coxal
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hip
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crural
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leg
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deltoid
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curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
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digital
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fingers/toes
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femoral
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thigh
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fibular
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lateral part of leg
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frontal
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forehead
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inguinal
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groin
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mental
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chin
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nasal
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nnose
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye area
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patellar
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anterior knee
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Pelvic
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area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
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pubic
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genital area
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sternal
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breastbone area
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tarsal
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ankle region
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thoracic
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chest
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umbilical
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navel
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calcaneal
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heel of foot
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cephalic
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head
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gluteal
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buttock
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lumbar
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area of back between ribs and hips, the loin
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occipital
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posterior surface of head or base of skull
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olecranal
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posterior surface of elbow
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popliteal
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posterior knee area
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sacral
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area between hips
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scapular
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shoulder blade region
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sural
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the posterior surface of the leg; calf
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vertebral
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area of spinal column
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plantar
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sole of the foot
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section
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cut
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plane
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imaginary line through body
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sagittal section
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lengthwise/longitudinal plane of the body
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medial (midsagittal) section
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when the cut is down the median plane of the body diving the left and right halves equally
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frontal section
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cut along the lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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coronal section
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same as frontal section
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transverse section
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cut along the horizontal plane; dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
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cross section
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same as transverse section
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dorsal body cavity
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housed within the confines of the head and skull; houses the CNS
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cranial cavity
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houses the brain
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Spinal cavity
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houses the spinal cord
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ventral body cavity
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contains chest and abdomen; subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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thoracic cavity
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houses the lungs, heart, and mediastinum
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diaphragm
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doe-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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mediastinum
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central region that separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart
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abdominopelvic cavity
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houses stomach, liver, reproductive organs, bladder, and spleen
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abdominal cavity
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houses just the stomach, liver, and spleen
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pelvic cavity
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contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
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umbilical region
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centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
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epigastric region
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located superior to the umbilical region
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hypogastric/pubic region
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inferior to the umbilical region
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inguinal/iliac regions
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lateral to the hypogastric region
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lumbar regions
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lateral to the umbilical region
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hypochondriac regions
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flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
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oral cavity
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contains teeth and tongue
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digestive cavity
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continuous with oral cavity and extends to the exterior at the anus
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nasal cavity
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located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways CAVITY
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orbital cavity
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in the skull, houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position
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middle ear cavity
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carved into the skull just medial to the eardrums; contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
