Child Development Chapters 1,2,3 Quizzes – Flashcards
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physical, cognitive, and emotional and social
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Development is divided into the 3 domains of
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combine in an integrated holistic fashion.
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The domains of development
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Middle childhood.
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Pete participates in soccer and is beginning to master fundamental reading and math skills. Pete is probably in which period of human development?
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their continued existence depends on scientific verification.
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Theories that differ from mere opinion and belief in that
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is a characteristic of discontinuous theories.
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The concept of stages
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Emphasized through comparing children growing up in non-western village societies with those growing up in large western cities.
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The effects of distinct contexts on development
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Emphasized through children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. This emphasizes the role of ___ in the study.
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Stability
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The Puritans believed that children were born evil and stubborn and had to be civilized.
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During the Reformation
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New philosophies that emphasized ideals of human dignity and respect.
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The Enlightenment
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He viewed the child as a blank slate, or tabula rasa.
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British Philosopher John Locke
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He viewed the child as a noble savage that was naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Theory of Evolution it emphasizes natural selection and survival of the fittest.
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Charles Darwin
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Measures of behavior on large numbers of individuals and computes age-related averages to represent typical development.
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Normative Approach
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Psychosexual Theory, examined the unconscious motivations of his patients.
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Sigmund Freud
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According to him the ego works to reconcile the demands of the id and superego.
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Freud
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Ecological Systems theory views the child as developing with a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
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Led to the concept of the critical period in child development.
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Observations of Imprinting Baby Birds
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Designing flowcharts to map the precise steps that research participants use to solve problems and complete tasks much like the plans devised by programmers to get computers to perform a series of "mental operations."
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Information Processing Approach
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http://www.growingupinaustralia.gov.au/pubs/reports/krq2009/images/fig2.gif Micro- Immediate surroundings Meso- connections between microsystem Macro- cultural values, laws, customs, resources Exo- social settings, parents work, church, not direct impact
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Microsystem, Mesosystem, Macrosystem, Exosystem
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Views cognitive development as a socially mediated process. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
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Vygotsky Theory
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Operant Conditioning Theory, the frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers.
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B.F. Skinner
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Piaget's cognitive-development theory and the psychoanalytic perspective.
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Discontinuous Development
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Bandura, wearing the same clothes and hairstyle as his friends at school.
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Observational Learning
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Strength that it is accurate with respect to the participants' thoughts and experiences. Findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant. Investigators cannot assume that their conclusions apply or generalize to anyone other than the individual studied.
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Clinical Interview
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Being aware of the purpose of the study, observer may see and record what they expect to see rather than what the participants actually do.
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Observer Bias
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So closely associated that their effects of the outcome cannot be distinguished
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Confounding variable
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Used by review committees in colleges, universities, and other institutions to evaluate the ethics of research proposals.
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Risks-versus-benefits ratio
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Major limitation is that researchers cannot infer cause and effect.
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Correlational Studies
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Every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response of interest.
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Structured Observation
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Major Limitation is that not all participants have the same opportunity to display a particular behavior in everyday life. Strength is that it reflects participants everyday behavior.
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Naturalistic Observation
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Should only be used if the risk of harm is minimal.
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Deception in child development
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A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another at one point in time. It is an efficient strategy when describing age-related trends.
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Cross-Sectional
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Research in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period. Performance may be improved since the test subject has increased familiarity with the measure. This is an example of practice efforts.
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Longitudal study
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The researcher should get permission from child and their parents.
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Using young children in the study
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Protection from harm: physical/psychological harm-when harm is possible investigators should find other means for obtaining desired information.
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Research Rights
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observations and evaluations of people's actions cannot be unique to a single observer.
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Reliable
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by flipping a coin to determine which treatment group participants
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Random Assignment
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Ability of a test to measure what it is supposed to measure and to predict what it is supposed to predict
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Validity
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permits greater control over the research situation than does naturalistic observation
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Structured Observation
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eliminates the possibility that an interviewer might press and prompt some participants more than others.
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Structured interview
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compare the level of agreement between two different observers who used his measure simultaneously.
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Inter-rater reliability
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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Dependent Variable
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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Independent Variable
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Doesn't work well because it may undermine their belief in honesty of adults
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Debriefing with Children
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Experimental Design
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Cause and Effect Relationshipes
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groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time
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Cross-Sectional Design
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Is useful when studying behaviors that investigators rarely have an opportunity to see in everyday life.
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Structured Observation
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No relationship
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Zero Correlation Coefficient
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implies that as one variable increases the other also increases.
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Positive Correlation Coefficient
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Participants are studied repeatedly at different ages and changes are noted as they get older.
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Longitudinal Design
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An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
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Phenotype
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Fraternal twins, they are more common than monozygotic twins
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Dizygotic twins
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Identical twins, have the same genetic make up, same genotype
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Monozygotic Twins
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A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. More than half who live past the age of 40 show symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
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Down Syndrome
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May promote the exploitation of financially needy women.
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Surrogate Motherhood
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Rapid prenatal changes, 2 weeks through 8 weeks, attaches to the mother's uterine wall, organs being to form and function, heart begins to beat; liver begins to make red blood cells, head arms and legs are clearly noticeable
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Embryo
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Longest Prenatal Period, All organ systems, between 22 and 26 weeks the fetus has a chance of survival outside of the womb
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Fetus
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Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects.
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Teratogens
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14% of U.S. Women smoke during their prenancy
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14%
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Hormones cross the placenta, can cause a dramatic rise in the fetal heart rate.
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Maternal Stress
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Dilation and effacement of the cervix
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Longest Stage of labor
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50 minutes for first baby, 20 minutes for second baby
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Second Stage of Labor
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a quick assessment of the newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes. 7 or higher should be given back to parents
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Apgar Test
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the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is the use of the epidural analgesia, weakens the uterine contractions
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Epidural Analgesia
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get a cesarean delivery, because of the danger of anoxia
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Breech Babies
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are below their expected weight considering the length of the prenancy
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Small for date infants
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A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
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DNA
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule.
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Chromosome
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Chemical factors that determine traits
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Genes
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genes that show their effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair
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Dominant Genes
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genes that are expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene
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Recessive Genes
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only exhibited when no normal X chromosome; examples are color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne Muscular Distrophy
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X linked recessive gene
