Question 1

Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life? a. thirty-year-old Charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis b. thirty-year-old Steve, who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving in Desert Storm c. ten-year-old Willard, who was referred by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity d. fifty-year-old Agnes, who fell, hit her head, and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused her sexually when she was eight years old

Accepted Answer

thirty-year-old Charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis

Question 2

Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of a. semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge b. conditioned responses and associations c. alphabetical lists of semantic concepts, time-based lists of life events, body part-specific motor skills d. none of these

Accepted Answer

semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out

Question 3

A patient\'s chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation? a. The patient will not be able to process colors. b. The patient will have problems experiencing hunger. c. The patient will not be able to remember new information. d. The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Accepted Answer

The patient will not be able to remember new information

Question 4

If _________ is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, _________ is like pushing the \"save\" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored. a. anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia c. adolescent amnesia, conductive amnesia d. procedural amnesia, implicit amnesia

Accepted Answer

retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia

Question 5

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a _________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a. deeper; shallower b. shallower; deeper c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

Accepted Answer

deeper; shallower

Question 6

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to shortterm memory through the processes of selective attention? a. Thorndike b. Atkinson c. Sperling d. Broadbent

Accepted Answer

Broadbent

Question 7

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like a. iconic memory b. echoic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

Accepted Answer

iconic memory

Question 8

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as a. implicit is to explicit b. auditory is to visual c. visual is to auditory d. quick is to slow

Accepted Answer

visual is to auditory

Question 9

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that a. you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating b. eidetic images fade in .25 seconds as Sperling has shown c. you may be able to recall the material but you don\'t necessarily understand it d. it only helps you remember things from other cultures

Accepted Answer

you may be able to recall the material but you don\'t necessarily understand it

Question 10

Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor\'s office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo\'s stroke? a. his amygdala b. his hypothalamus c. his hippocampus d. his cerebellum

Accepted Answer

his hippocampus

Question 11

What \"magic number\" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? a. 11 b. 9 c. 7 d. 5

Accepted Answer

7

Question 12

Declarative memories are to _________ memories as procedural memories are to _________ memories. a. implicit; explicit b. explicit; implicit c. general knowledge; personal facts d. personal facts; general knowledge

Accepted Answer

explicit; implicit

Question 13

Chunking is a means of a. immediately forgetting irrelevant details b. combining information into meaningful units c. arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important d. storing long-term memories

Accepted Answer

combining information into meaningful units

Question 14

Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to a. interference from other information b. decay or disuse c. encoding failure d. none of these

Accepted Answer

interference from other information

Question 15

Alzheimer\'s disease accounts for between _________ and _________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States. a. 50-70 b. 60-80 c. 70-80 d. 80-85

Accepted Answer

60-80

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues? a. They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. b. They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory. c. They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory. d. They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.

Accepted Answer

They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory

Question 17

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a \"T.\" Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from a. encoding problems b. storage inversion c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. evaluation overload

Accepted Answer

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 18

Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in a. sensory memory only b. short-term memory only c. long-term memory only d. sensory memory and short-term memory

Accepted Answer

sensory memory and short-term memory

Question 19

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. All memories are stored in one place in the brain. b. Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain. c. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. d. Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.

Accepted Answer

Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories

Question 20

False positives occur when a person incorrectly \"matches\" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that a. extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said b. witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened c. false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate d. None of these are true.

Accepted Answer

false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate

Question 21

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a. primary memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. short-term memory

Accepted Answer

sensory memory

Question 22

Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is a. interference b. memory trace decay c. encoding failure d. repression

Accepted Answer

encoding failure

Question 23

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? a. a table b. a modem c. a rainbow d. a photograph

Accepted Answer

a photograph

Question 24

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, \"I had eidetic imagery.\" What does he mean by that? a. He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember. b. He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn. c. He was able to imagine how cells in a patient\'s body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages. d. In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember.

Accepted Answer

He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn

Question 25

In the partial report method of Sperling\'s study of sensory memory, the participants were to report a. one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared b. only one or two of the letters in the cued line c. the first letter of each line only d. the middle letter of each line

Accepted Answer

one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared

Question 26

How do retrieval cues help you to remember? a. They provide inferences. b. They help chunk information. c. They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory. d. They provide numbers for ideas.

Accepted Answer

They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory

Question 27

Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)? a. STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information. b. STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information. c. SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information. d. STM holds a small amount of uniform information.

Accepted Answer

SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information

Question 28

When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as a. encoding failure b. extinction of acoustic storage c. auditory decay d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Accepted Answer

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 29

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy\'s ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her a. iconic sensory memory b. echoic sensory memory c. short-term memory d. tactile sensory memory

Accepted Answer

echoic sensory memory

Question 30

When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy\'s assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of a. state-dependent memory b. retrieval cues c. cross links in deep structure d. mnemonic devices

Accepted Answer

retrieval cues

Question 31

Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a. Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5 years old. b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. c. When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides. d. Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.

Accepted Answer

Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old

Question 32

The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use. a. encoding b. storing c. retrieving d. evaluating

Accepted Answer

encoding

Question 33

Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica\'s problem is most likely due to a. decoding failure b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. Toronto syndrome

Accepted Answer

retroactive interference

Question 34

Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the a. cerebellum b. prefrontal lobes of the cortex c. hippocampus d. amygdala

Accepted Answer

prefrontal lobes of the cortex

Question 35

Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people? a. a photograph of a dead soldier b. a photograph of a bird c. a photograph of the earth from space d. a random photograph

Accepted Answer

a photograph of a dead soldier

Question 36

Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate? a. Talya will be using her episodic memory only. b. Talya will be using her semantic memory only. c. Talya\'s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory. d. Talya\'s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory.

Accepted Answer

Talya\'s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory

Question 37

Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York\'s Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory. a. episodic b. autobiographical c. flashbulb d. repressed

Accepted Answer

flashbulb

Question 38

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the a. occipital lobe b. cingulate gyrus c. amygdala d. prefrontal lobes

Accepted Answer

prefrontal lobes

Question 39

In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could a. no longer form new explicit memories b. read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he was reading it over and over c. still form procedural memories d. All of these choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these choices are correct

Question 40

_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Learning d. Memory

Accepted Answer

Memory

Question 41

In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer a. pay attention to specific stimuli b. retrieve memories c. form new memories d. make sense of memories

Accepted Answer

form new memories

Question 42

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the a. encoding specificity effect b. primacy effect c. recency effect d. TOT effect

Accepted Answer

recency effect

Question 43

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten a. more rapidly as time goes by b. gradually at first, then with increasing speed c. quickly at first, then tapers off gradually d. most quickly one day after learning

Accepted Answer

quickly at first, then tapers off gradually

Question 44

Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of _________ memory known as a(n) _________ memory. a. semantic; autobiographical b. episodic; autobiographical c. semantic; personal d. episodic; personal

Accepted Answer

episodic; autobiographical

Question 45

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the a. phi phenomenon b. recency effect c. chunking effect d. primacy effect

Accepted Answer

primacy effect

Question 46

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of a. Broadbent\'s forgetting theory b. the homecoming queen party phenomenon c. selective attention d. intimacy

Accepted Answer

selective attention

Question 47

Why did research participants in Sperling\'s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? a. They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli. b. Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall. c. The stress of participating in this research became excessive. d. The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Accepted Answer

The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory

Question 48

A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer\'s family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write? a. proactive amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive amnesia

Accepted Answer

anterograde amnesia

Question 49

A.R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which was one was reported in your textbook? a. repressed memory syndrome b. tip-of-the-tongue aphasia c. separating trivial from important memories d. cognitive penetrance

Accepted Answer

separating trivial from important memories

Question 50

Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call againâbut has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of _________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. echoic d. implicit

Accepted Answer

short-term

Question 51

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from ________ to ___________. a. seconds; hours. b. seconds; our lifetime. c. minutes; decades. d. hours; our lifetime

Accepted Answer

seconds; our lifetime

Question 52

Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth\'s problem is in the memory process of a. encoding. b. storage. c. retrieval. d. retention.

Accepted Answer

retrieval

Question 53

Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously? a. levels-of-processing model b. parallel distributed processing model c. information-processing model d. three-stage model

Accepted Answer

parallel distributed processing model

Question 54

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory? a. levels-of-processing model b. parallel distributed processing model c. information-processing model d. three-stage model

Accepted Answer

levels-of-processing model

Question 55

_________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said. a. Iconic b. Echoic c. Short-term d. Long-term

Accepted Answer

Echoic

Question 56

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ______________. a. recency effect b. primacy effect c. selective attention d. repetition

Accepted Answer

selective attention

Question 57

Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory? a. a computer hard drive b. a computer monitor c. a computer mouse d. a computer keyboard

Accepted Answer

a computer hard drive

Question 58

Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal? a. repetitive b. imagery c. elaborative d. maintenance

Accepted Answer

elaborative

Question 59

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda\'s memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a __________ memory. a. declarative (explicit) b. semantic c. episodic d. nondeclarative (implicit)

Accepted Answer

nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 60

6. When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. working

Accepted Answer

semantic

Question 61

What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom? a. serial position effect b. encoding specificity c. tip of the tongue phenomenon d. automatic encoding

Accepted Answer

encoding specificity

Question 62

Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of the a. encoding specificity effec. b. serial position effect. c. tip-of-the-tongue effect. d. flashbulb memory

Accepted Answer

serial position effect

Question 63

Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ____________ while essay questions rely on ____________. a. rehearsal; recall b. relearning; rehearsing c. recall; recognition d. recognition; recall

Accepted Answer

recognition; recall

Question 64

Studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory  a. is like a camera that can take pictures for people to recall and review as needed. b. is surprisingly inaccurate up to age 12, at which time people begin to show vast improvements. c. is highly influenced by culture and that today\'s technology is having a negative effect on memory. d. is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it.

Accepted Answer

is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it

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