Biology Semester 2 Review Packet – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
which of the following is not a goal of science?
answer
to establish a collection of unchanging truths
question
science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on
answer
testing observations
question
a scientific hypothesis
answer
an be tested by experiments or observations
question
the process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called
answer
homeostasis
question
focusing which two central themes in biology would help a student understand why animals come in different shapes and sizes
answer
structure and function; unity and diversity of life
question
if an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is
answer
1
question
which of the following is not true about chlorine
answer
it is a poisonous, greenish gas
question
a covalent bond is formed as the result of
answer
sharing electrons
question
solutions that have more OH- than H+ ions are
answer
bases
question
carbon-12 is most common isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Of its 6 electrons, 4 are valance electrons. How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
answer
4
question
which of the following is not a function of proteins
answer
store and transmit genetic information
question
what is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
answer
chemical reaction
question
the simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is
answer
a community
question
which ecological inquiry method is an ecologist using when he or she sets up a greenhouse and measures the effects of different levels of carbon dioxide on an endangered plant species
answer
experimenting
question
in which way are plants in a sunny mountain meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic vent alike
answer
they are both produce carbohydrates and oxygen
question
in what way are herbivores and carnivores alike
answer
they both obtain energy by consuming other organisms
question
what animals eat both produces and consumers
answer
omnivores
question
animals get the most of the nitrogen they need
answer
by consuming plants or other animals
question
if a lake receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, which of these would happen first
answer
algae begin to die and decomposers take over
question
which of the following is a food chain in the food web shown in figure 3-4
answer
grass, grasshopper, snake, hawk
question
why is an organism's niche like a person's occupation
answer
an organism can "make a living" and survive in its niche
question
a predator is an animal that
answer
kills and eats other animals
question
a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other benefits is
answer
parasitism
question
primary succession would most likely occur after
answer
a lava flow
question
which tow biomes have the least precipitation
answer
tundra and desert
question
the nutrient availability of aquatic ecosystems is the
answer
amount of nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements dissolved in the water
question
estuaries are commercially important because
answer
fish species that people buy and sell live in estuaries
question
if you know the range of a population, then you know
answer
the number of individuals that live in an area
question
which factor might not contribute to an exponential growth rate in a given population
answer
reduced resources
question
how are phases 1 and phase 2 of a logistic growth similar
answer
a population is increasing, moving toward its carrying capacity during both phases
question
sea otters live in the ocean, which of the following is not likely to be a limiting factor on the sea otter population
answer
drought
question
demographic transition is change form high birthrates and high death rates to
answer
low birthrates and low death rates
question
a developer wants to build a new housing development in or around a large city. Which of the following of plans would be least harmful to the environment
answer
building apartments at the site of an abandoned factory in the city
question
by preserving hot spots, ecologists hope to protect species in danger of extinction due to
answer
human activity
question
protecting an entire ecosystem ensures that
answer
interactions among many species will be preserved
question
the land and water ecosystems that provide the resources that a person uses and that neutralize that person's wastes is part of that person's
answer
ecological footprint
question
why would the procedure in figure 15-2 be performed
answer
to treat a genetic disease
question
one scientist who attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time was
answer
James Hutton
question
Jame Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work was important to Darwin because these scientists
answer
suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred
question
what did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell
answer
gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes
question
the idea that events like war, starvation, and disease could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by
answer
Thomas Malthus
question
when farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for
answer
natural variations that are present in a species
question
according to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment, Their survival is due to the
answer
possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness
question
each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur except
answer
population size is very large
question
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following except how
answer
inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring
question
similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of
answer
Hox genes
question
according to the Grants' investigation of Galapagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches
answer
beaks became larger over many generations
question
which characteristic of Galapagos finches helped the grants show the results of natural selection
answer
the size and shape of their beaks
question
the number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends upon
answer
the number of genes that control the trait
question
compared to a polygenic trait, a single-trait tends to have
answer
fewer phenotypes
question
one end of figure 17-1 shows an increase in average beak size for a population of birds. When individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is
answer
directional selection
question
figure 17-2 shows highest fitness toward the center of the curve. When individuals with an average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is
answer
stabilizing selection
question
genetic drift tends to occur in populations that
answer
are small
question
the type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called
answer
the founder effect
question
based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annulus and Papio cynocephalus do not belong the same
answer
species
question
systematics is
answer
the science of naming and grouping organisms
question
the only "natural" taxa in Linnaeus' system is the
answer
species
question
what do all organisms have in common
answer
they all use DNA to pass on information
question
DNA evidence
answer
can solve evolutionary puzzles, such as how to classify organisms that look similar to one species but share peculiar behaviors with another
question
all organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are
answer
eukaryotes
question
the Mesozoic Era occurred
answer
after Cenozoic Era
question
which of the following statements about the effect of early organisms on Earth's environment is true
answer
the first photosynthetic organisms caused Earth to cool as they converted carbon dioxide to oxygen
question
in figure 19-2 flowers and pollinating insects are examples of
answer
coevolution
question
proteinoid microspheres are tiny bubbles that resemble cells because they
answer
build proteins from amino acids
question
which of these facts about mitochondria and chloroplasts constitutes support for the endosymbiotic theory
answer
they are organelles theater found within plant cells
question
a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles is
answer
eukaryotic
question
the skeleton of a vertebrate is
answer
surrounded by a hard shell
question
one advantage of asexual reproduction is that animals can
answer
increase their numbers rapidly
question
a coelom is a body cavity
answer
partially lined with mesoderm
question
look at the illustration in figure 25-5. Which letter points to the endoderm
answer
D
question
look at the jellyfish in figure 25-6. How many planes of symmetry could you draw through this animal
answer
1
question
arms of primates and wings of birds are variations of
answer
forelimbs
question
paleontologists discover the fossil of an animal that lived 550 million years ago. This animal probably
answer
was flat and lived on the bottom of a shallow sea
question
the Cambrian Explosion resulted in the evolution of the first
answer
land animals
question
some of the fossil that have been found from before the Cambrian Explosion are embryos. This suggests that the organisms these fossils belong to
answer
reproduce sexually
question
Pikaia was an early
answer
chordate
question
which of the following paris of modern chordate groups are most closely related
answer
lampreys and ray-finned fishes
question
jaws and limbs are characteristics of
answer
all chordates
question
what does fossil evidence indicate about the order in which these three vertebrates evolved: a bony fish with a jaw, a jawless fish, and a dish with leg-like fins
answer
the fish with leg-like fins was the last to evolve
question
flexible digits, a large cerebrum, and arms that rotate at the shoulder are characteristics of
answer
primates
question
present day animals that belong to the earliest group of primates that evolved include
answer
the lemurs, which are nocturnal and have large eyes
question
suppose scientists could compare the DNA of modern humans from around the world with the DNA or Homo erectus populations from the humans' native households. If DNA samples from each modern human were found to be most similar to the Homo erectus DNA from their homeland, that finding would
answer
support the out-of-Africa model
question
a side-to-side movement of the jaws would be most useful in an animal that eats
answer
grass
question
look at the teeth in figure 27-1 the teeth in this skull are best suited for
answer
tearing meat
question
oxygen constantly diffuses from air or water into animal's bloodstream. For this to happen, the concentration of oxygen in the blood must be
answer
greater than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air or water
question
which of the following animals has the body covering that allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
answer
flatworms
question
which of the following aquatic animals uses lungs to breathe
answer
dolphins
question
why is the double-loop circulation better for larger, more active animals than single-loop
answer
it is difficult for single pump to force blood through the entire system of a large animal
question
in vertebrates with a double-loop circulation as illustrated in figure 27-4, the loop that passes through the lungs is responsible for
answer
exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen from the air
question
the part of your brain that is responsible for you responding to this question is the
answer
cerebrum
question
the compound eyes of insects
answer
produce an image that is more detailed than what humans see
question
the hydrostatic feature of both endoskeletons and exoskeletons because
answer
joints provide flexibility and freedom of movement
question
external fertilization in chordates
answer
must take place in water
question
one difference between a nymph and a larva is that a nymph
answer
resembles an adult of the same species, but a larva does not
question
one difference between monotremes and other types of mammals is that
answer
monotremes secrete milk through the pores on the surface of the mother's abdomen
question
an animal's immune system must be able to tell the difference between
answer
body cells and pathogens
question
the system that helps all others maintain homeostasis by transporting oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes is the
answer
circulatory system
question
which system regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism
answer
endocrine system
question
an imbalance in blood glucose levels causes which of the following diseases
answer
diabetes
question
which structure in figure 30-1 uses muscle contractions to produce a churning motion that breaks up food
answer
D (stomach)
question
which structure in the kidneys' nephrons is mainly responsible for the filtration of the blood
answer
glomerulus
question
a patient is diagnosed with kidney failure and visits a clinic to receive dialysis treatments three times a week. What does the process of dialysis do
answer
filters waste from the blood
question
what is the function of the central nervous system
answer
to process information and form a response
question
when an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of
answer
neurotransmitters
question
the 31 major nerves that branch out from the spinal cord connecting it to the rest of the body are the
answer
spinal nerves
question
which type of sensory receptor is responsible for smell and taste
answer
chemoreceptor
question
the senses of smell and taste are similar because
answer
both rely on chemoreceptors
question
in figure 31-3, through which labeled structure does light first enter the eye
answer
5 (cornea)
question
an internal wooden frame is to a house as _____ to a body
answer
a skeleton
question
which diagram in figure 32-2 shows an example of a joint involved in lifting your arms above your head
answer
diagram A
question
what do ligaments hold together in a joint
answer
bones
question
why is cartilage important
answer
it acts as a cushion between bones and protects them as they move against each other
question
which of these is not a function of your skin
answer
holds the bones of the skeleton together
question
what do human hair and a parakeet's feathers have in common
answer
they both contain keratin
question
which of the following is not a potential sign of skin cancer
answer
a pimple that lasts more than 2 days
question
which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart
answer
arteries
question
in figure 33-1 what does step B show
answer
the clumping of platelets
question
into what substance is fibrinogen converted in step C of figure 33-1
answer
fibrin
question
swollen lymph nodes might indicate
answer
an infection
question
uncontrolled hypertension can lead to
answer
all of the above
question
the sudden death of brain cells when their blood supply is interrupted is called
answer
a stroke
question
because there is more oxygen in an alveolus than in the blood around it, oxygen diffuses
answer
from alveoli into capillaries
question
what body system has final control over breathing
answer
the nervous system
question
how does movement of the rib cage change air pressure in the chest cavity
answer
when the rib cage raises, a decrease in air pressure in the chest cavity causes air to rush into the lungs
question
a difference between steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones is that steroid hormones contain
answer
cholesterol
question
unlike non steroid hormones, steroid hormones
answer
bind to receptors inside target cell
question
in figure 34-1 structure E produces which of the following hormones when you're feeling stress about a big test
answer
epinephrine
question
puberty usually begins between the ages of
answer
9 to 15
question
which hormones stimulate the gonads to mature
answer
FSH and LH
question
immediately after what stage in figure 34-3 do the cell layers of the embryo begin to develop
answer
8
question
babies usually cry when they first meet the outside world. In what way is this crying helpful
answer
it rids the baby's lungs of fluid
question
how can you prevent the spread of Lyme disease
answer
avoid tall grasses and wooded areas
question
using figure 35-1 arrange the following statements in the correct order 1 - phagocytes engulf and destroy the bacteria that damage cells 2 - pathogens enter the body causing mast cells to release histamines increasing blood flow 3 - blood vessels expand. Fluid leaves the capillaries and causes swelling
answer
2, 3, 1
question
proteins that tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells are called
answer
antibodies
question
which step in figure 35-2 shows a virus being consumer by a cell
answer
1
question
which of the following are public health measures that have helped fight disease
answer
all of the above
question
vaccinations and other public health measures had eliminated which disease globally by 1980
answer
smallpox
question
in figure 35-3 about how many more 13-24 year olds were living with aids in 2006 than in 2002
answer
2,500
question
before completing the experiment in figure 1-3 the scientist made hypothesis she is testing
answer
if the temperature decreases, the bunnies fur will be black
question
use figure 1-5 to figure out how milliliter and cubic centimeter are related
answer
milliliters = cubic centimeters
question
based on figure 1-5, if you have 2 L of water, how many milliliters do you have
answer
2000 milliliters
question
compare the H+ ion concentrations of pure water and sea water, using the information in figure 2-5
answer
the difference between it is 1.5
question
according to figure 2-6, which enzyme would you expect to find in a bacterium growing in a hot spot
answer
Y
question
according to figure 2-6, what are the optimum temperatures for each enzyme
answer
x = 40 C y = 80 C
question
which biomes in figure 405 have a relatively stable amount of precipitation all year long
answer
temperate forest, tropical rain forest, desert, tundra
question
suppose that you want to build a farm on which to grow crops such as corn and soybeans. In which time in figure 4-5 would you place your farm
answer
temperate grassland and tropical grassland because the soil is fertile
question
describe some of the biotic and abiotic factors you might find a point A and in region B of figure 4-6
answer
point A: biotic - bears, elk, birds abiotic: mountain stream, waterfall stream
question
what type of population growth curve can be observed in graphs I and II of figure 5-5
answer
logistical
question
in figure 11-8 what is the structure labeled X in stage A
answer
chromosomes
question
in figure 11-8 in which stage does each cell have a single copy of each gene
answer
D
question
from which labeled structure in figure 13-9 is structure D made
answer
A - DNA
question
identify structure F in figure 13-9. What does it specify
answer
triple codon, alanine
question
in figure 13-9 what effect would the election of structure C have on the process that occurs during step Y
answer
frameshift mutation
question
in figure 14-12 what is the genotype or possible genotypes of the person whose blood is shown in slide 1
answer
AA or AO
question
wich animal in figure 15-5 is a clone
answer
lamb
question
which tow animals in figure 15-5 are genetically identical
answer
sheep A and the lamb
question
which of the tortoises shown in figure 16-2 has the longest neck
answer
hood island tortoises
question
is it likely that the dolphins would evolve into a land-dwelling species in a few thousands years
answer
yes, because they breathe in air
question
according to graph Ain figure 17-5 what has occurred
answer
directional selection
question
competition for resources plays a key role in natural selection. Describe one way that competition for food might have influenced the evolution of the large tree finch in figure 17-7
answer
there were different insects
question
do all organisms shown in figure 18-4 that belong to the order Carnivora also belong to the phylum Chordata
answer
yes, because the order carnivora is inside the phylum Chordata
question
which level of taxonomic category shown in figure 18-6 indicates whether an organism is mammal or not
answer
class
question
how many geologic periods are shown in figure 19-4 and which one is the earliest
answer
12 periods, earliest - Cambrian
question
use figure 19-5 to determine the approximate half-life of carbon-14
answer
5 thousand years
question
explain the steps of embryological development that are shown in structures A, B, and D. Does this series of steps illustrate the development of a protostome or a deuterostome
answer
1) blastula forms 2) blastopore forms blastula 3) blastopore forms the anus
question
figure 27-9 shows the three types of digestive systems found in animals. Which animals relies on intracellular digestion
answer
sponge
question
which animal in figure 27-9 has an organ designed to grind seeds? What is the organ
answer
bird; gizzard
question
figure 27-10 predict what happens to fish when water becomes slightly less salty
answer
the fish get bloated because if doesn't have homeostasis
question
are the circulatory systems shown in figure 27-11 open or closed
answer
closed, because the circulates through the whole body
question
in the system labeled Bin figure 27-11 where does oxygen-poor blood go after leaving the heart
answer
goes to lung and capillaries because damage will be done
question
which region of the brains shown in figure 28-9 is responsible for controlling the functioning of many internal organs
answer
medulla oblongata
question
why is it an advantage for birds and mammals to have a larger cerebellums than the others groups
answer
because we have bigger bodies and do more physical activity
question
which group does the smallest band of the pyramid represent in figure 30-6
answer
oils; too much can cause health issues
question
in figure 30-7, what structures are labeled B
answer
microvilli
question
referring to figure 31-9, how does structure B act as a switchboard in the body
answer
it controls our physical movement
question
identify structure E. how does it remodel and strengthen old bone
answer
compact bone; it builds the bone larger where the break was
question
use figure 32-7 to explain why a slight scratch will probably not bleed
answer
because A is thick skin that takes more to cut out
question
when you take a deep breathe, into which structures in figure 33-6 doe said move after leaving trachea, into what organ does the structure lead
answer
bronchi; lung
question
according to the table in figure 33-7, the percentage volume of which gas remains the same one exhaled air and air in alveoli
answer
H2O
question
based on figure 34-4 what happens as the level of thyroxine increases in the blood
answer
more TRH and less TSH
question
give an example of how the process in figure 34-4 would change in a person who has hyperthyroidism. What are some symptoms of this condition
answer
nervousness, elevated body temperature increased blood pressure and weight loss
question
on which dat or destine the cycle shown in figure 34-6 is fertilization most likely to occur
answer
day 14-18
question
predict the T cell concentration of an HIV-infected person at 1000 days after infection. Give a range for your answer
answer
the virus would be almost completely gone at day 1000
question
which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory
answer
very few cells are able to reproduce
question
which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus
answer
eukaryotes
question
which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in figure 7-1
answer
the cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus
question
which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton
answer
helps a cell keep its shape
question
which structures are involved in cell movement
answer
microtubules and microfilaments
question
which structures in the cell shown in figure 7-2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
answer
structure C
question
which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are move convenient for the cell to use
answer
mitochondrion
question
which organelles are involved in energy conversion
answer
mitochondria and chloroplasts
question
the primary function of the cell wall is to
answer
support and protect the cell
question
unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is
answer
a rigid structure
question
which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell
answer
active transport
question
which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism
answer
homeostasis
question
which structures shown in figure 8-1 make up an ATP molecule
answer
C and D
question
organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called
answer
heterotrophs
question
in the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water result in a molecule of sugar and six molecules of
answer
oxygen
question
which of the following is not a step in the light-dependent reactions
answer
ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars
question
where are photosystems I and II found
answer
in the stroma
question
the Calvin Cycle is another name for the
answer
light-dependent reactions
question
if you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens
answer
the rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off
question
imagine that y-axis of each graph in figure 8-6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
answer
C
question
imagine that y-axis of each graph in figure 8-6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the ate of photosynthesis
answer
A
question
whites the correct equation for cellular respiration
answer
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
question
which of the followings high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain
answer
NADH and FADH2
question
the conversion of pyretic acid into lactic acid requires
answer
NADH
question
all of the following are problems that growth causes for cells except
answer
excess oxygen
question
compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble
answer
moving needed materials in and waste products out
question
the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
answer
cell division
question
an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction
answer
provides genetic diversity
question
during which phrase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen
answer
M phrase
question
cell division is represented in figure 10-3 by the letter
answer
D
question
the first phrase of mitosis is called
answer
prophase
question
why are stem cells important
answer
they have the potential to develop into other cell types
question
each pea plant gamete has many alleles for the height gene
answer
2
question
the different forms of a gene are called
answer
alleles
question
why did Thomas Hunt Morgan uses fruit flies in his studies
answer
fruit flies produce a large number of offspring
question
a breed of chicken shows codominance of feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be
answer
speckled
question
if an organism's diploid number is 12, its haploid number is
answer
6
question
what happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone
answer
the mouse lived
question
Griffith's experiments advanced the study of genetics by proving that
answer
there is a chemical that contains genetic information that can be passed from one organism to another
question
based on Chargaff's rule the percentages of guanine bases in chicken DNA should be around
answer
21.5%
question
Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA by
answer
figuring out that DNA strands form a double helix
question
which scientist made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA
answer
Franklin
question
Watson and Crick discovered the two strands in DNA
answer
run in opposite directions
question
RNA contains the sugar
answer
ribose
question
what is produced during transcription
answer
RNA molecules
question
which of the following terms is least closely related to the others
answer
spindle fiber
question
most mutations
answer
have no effect on an organism
question
in E coil and lac operon controls the
answer
breakdown of lactose
question
according to figure 14-1 what is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female
answer
50%
question
which of the following statements is true
answer
females cannot have hemophilia
question
examine the pedigree in figure 14-3. The allele for the presence of a white forelock is dominant. What is the probability of the couple labeled 2 of having a child with a white forelock
answer
75%
question
sickle cell disease is caused by a
answer
change in one allele
question
the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
answer
nondisjunction
question
because the X chromosomes contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been born
answer
without an X chromosomes
question
the Human Genome Project is an attempt to
answer
sequence the DNA of every human gene
question
suppose a bacterial culture was transformed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. the bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of the following statements will happen to the transformed bacteria
answer
they will live
question
why are plasmids so widely used in recombinant DNA studies
answer
because they can be used to transform bacteria
question
which of the following is a pair of transgenic organisms
answer
bacteria that make human insulin and a Bt corn plant
question
to produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the steps listed below would a scientist do first
answer
cut out the insulin gene from human DNA
question
what is the role of primers in PCR
answer
they create a place for DNA polymerase to start its work building new DNA strands
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New