Psychology Midterm Study Guide – Flashcards
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contemporary perspectives
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biological, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytic, learning
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levels of consciousness
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preconscious, unconscious, nonconsciousness
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states of consciousness
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sleep and dreams, meditation, biofeedback, hynosis
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depressants
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alcohol, narcotics
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stimulants
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nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
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hallucinogens
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marijuana, lsd
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treatments for drug abuse
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detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, support
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classical learning
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stimulus, response
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operant learning
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reinforcement, rewards and punishments
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schedules for reinforcement
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fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval
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cognitive factors in learning
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latent learning, observational learning
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kinds of memory
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episodic, generic, procedural
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encoding
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visual, acoustic, semantic
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storage
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maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, organization systems, filing errors
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retrieval
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context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory, tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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three stages of memory
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sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
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basic memory tasks
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recognition, recall, relearning
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kinds of forgetting
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repression, amnesia
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improving memory
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drill and practice, relate to things you already know, form unusual associations, construct links, use mnemonic devices
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theories of motivation
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instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, humanistic theory, sociocultural theory
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hunger drive
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role of the mouth, role of the stomach, the hypothalamus, psychological influence
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obesity
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losing weight, nutrition, causes of obesity
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psychological needs
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stimulus motives, achievement motivation, making things fit, affiliation
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stilimulus motives
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sensory stimulation, activity, exploration and manipulation
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achievement motivation
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performance goals, learning goals, extrinsic, intrinsic rewards
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making things fit
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cognitive consistency, balance theory, cognitive-dissonance theory
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nature of emotions
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happiness, anger, facial expressions
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theories of motivation
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opponent-process theory, James-Lange theory, Canon-Bard theory, theory of cognitive appraisal
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trait approach
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catell, the big five
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psychoanalytic approach
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freud, erikson, id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms and their effects
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stages of development
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oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stae
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learning pproach
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behaviorism, social-learning theory
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humanistic approach
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maslow, rogers, self-concept and congruence, and self-esteem and positvie regard
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sociocultural approach
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acculturation and self esteem
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gender differences
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cognitive, physical, personality and behavior
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how gender roles develop
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biological views and psychological
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source of stress
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frustration, daily hassles, life changes, conflict
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psychological factors which play a role in people's responses to stress
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self-efficacy expectations, psychological hardiness, sense of humor, predictability, social support
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the effects of stress
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the general adaption syndrome, effects of stress on the immune system, headaches, heart disease, cancer
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ways of coping with stress
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defensive coping, active coping
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psychological disorders
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anxiety, dissociative, somatoform, mood, schizophrenia, personality
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anxiety disorders
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phobic, panic and agorapphobia, generalized, ocd, stress
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dissociative disorders
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amenia, fugue, identity, depersonalization
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somatoform types
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conversion, hypochondriasis
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mood disorders
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depression and bipolar
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schizophrenia types
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paranoid, disorganized, catatonic
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personality disorders
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paranoid personality, antisocial personality, avoidant personality
