PSY3213C – Flashcard
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All of the following are true of nonexperimental research except:
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The researcher is unable to specify the probability of a subject being included in the sample.
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Nonexperimental research sometimes has to forfeit ____ in return for obtaining the data
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Control
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What makes nonexperimental research correlational is that it
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does not manipulate an independent variable
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Which one of the following methods of analysis requires the least interpretation?
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physical trace
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Collett and Marsh (1974) videotaped instances when two people met in a hallway to avoid collision. This type of research is called
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naturalistic-observation
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A major disadvantage of observational research is that
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the presence of the observer may affect the behavior that is to be observed
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A researcher decides to go through police records in an effort to find out whether there is any evidence of racial profiling. What research technique is being used?
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Archival
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A first hand story reflecting the meaning experienced by the teller is called a
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narrative case study
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Recording methods in nonexperimental research can present a number of problems because
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You may not know how to define instances of what you're looking for
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The manifest content of a text is
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found by objective measure
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If you are performing an content analysis in which the analysis is to count the frequency of the occurrence of the word, "kiss" in a given text, you are actually coding for
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Manifest content
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When a researcher reads a passage of text and codes it for a particular theme, the researcher is actually coding for
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Latent content
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Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of hermeneutics?
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Guards in a prisoner-of-war camp analyze the out-going mail of prisoners to determine if an escape attempt is being plotted.
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Because researchers using Naturalistic observation make an effort not to intrude upon the behavior that they are studying, this methods is sometimes called
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Unobtrusive
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A pilot study
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helps find the bugs in a design
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Which one of the following is a major function of survey research?
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To dispel myths
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The Mental Measurement Yearbook series
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Reviews many standardized tests, including questionnaires
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Closed-ended questions are useful because
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They are easily standardized and coded
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One way to detect dishonest responses on a questionnaire is to use
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a verification key
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A verification key checks for
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influence of social desirability
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Some participants have a tendency to agree with any statement on an inventory. This tendency is called
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Acquiescence
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A visual analogue scale is a(n)
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rating scale that consists of a single line, labeled at each end
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The reliability of the data from survey studies depends mainly on
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the response rate
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A disadvantage of computerized survey administration is that
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Not everyone has access to computers
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Which of the following is a simple random sample of people at a party?
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Each person puts his or her name on a slip of paper, which is then well shaken in a hat. Select the first one quarter of the slips drawn.
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A stratified random sample should be used when
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the population has identifiable subgroups that are of interest to the researcher
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Oversampling happens when
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a subpopulation is intentionally over represented in a sample
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A researcher is interested in how individuals in a certain city feel about the chance of their becoming victims of a crime. To investigate this question, she randomly selects 12 city blocks and then randomly selects a certain number of people from each block. This method of sampling is known as
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cluster sampling
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The randomized response technique permits the investigator to
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estimate the rate of a behavior in the population without knowing an individual's true response
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Single-subject research focuses on individuals because
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group data sometimes obscure features of individual performance
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The term power refers to:
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the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population
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The term clinical significance refers to
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the practical importance of research findings
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The most important control strategy in single-subject research is
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obtaining a stable baseline
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If a stable baseline cannot be obtained
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A baseline that changes in the opposite direction from the one predicted by the hypothesis is acceptable
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A behavioral therapist is trying to decrease an autistic child's disruptive behavior. He first observes the baseline level of the behavior, then observes the behavior again after his intervention. Since his therapy seems to be effective, he continues to treat the child in the same way. This type of design is called a(n):
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A-B Design
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Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?
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repeating the treatments
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The problem with an ABA design is that
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You may want to leave the participant in their new state, rather than return them to the old one
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Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?
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changing more than one variable at a time
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Madge took special classes from Barbie to improve her spelling. Barbie first tested Madge's current spelling ability. Barbie was not sure what teaching method would work best, so she tried 3 different ones: positive practice, positive reinforcement, and correction. She tried a different method during each class, testing Madge's spelling at the end of the day. What design was Barbie using?
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Alternating Treatment
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A researcher conducts a study to gradually bring about the desired behavior change for a subject. At each session, the researcher introduces a more stringent set of guidelines to see if behavior changes coincide with the new reinforcement. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
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changing-criterion design
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A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
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multiple-baseline design
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Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop. At each session, Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle. Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?
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changing-criterion design
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Which of the following areas of psychology is most likely to employ single-subject research?
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sensation
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Which of the following is a subject variable?
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gender of participant
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In a true experiment, the researcher ____ variables, and in a quasi experiment the researcher ____ variables.
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manipulates, observes
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A quasi experiment has lower ____ validity but may have higher ____ validity
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internal, external
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The most common quasi experimental design is the ____ design.
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nonequivalent control group
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Whether quasi experiments with pretest and posttest designs can be interpreted depends on
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Whether the pattern of result can be accounted for by other differences between the groups.
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Which of the following pattern of results of a nonequivalent control group design is generally interpretable?
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The control and experimental groups are equal in the pretest, but unequal in the posttest.
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Which one of the following statements is most true concerning baseline stability in an interrupted time series design? It is desirable to have
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baseline stability before and after the independent variable is introduced
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If X = experimental treatment and O = pretest or posttest observation, then "O X O X O X O" represents the ____ design.
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repeated treatment
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In a study designed to test the development of mathematical ability, a group of 3-year olds and a group of 10year olds are tested. What sort of design is this called?
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cross sectional
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Which of the following is the first step in conducting a program evaluation?
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identify the stakeholders
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Which of the following is NOT a step in conducting a program evaluation?
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determine how the evaluators will be compensated
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An evaluation of how effective a program is in meeting its goals is called a
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Summative evaluation
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An evaluation listing how to improve a program while it is ongoing is called a
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Formative evaluation
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Effect size is compared across different studies by
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considering the variability of the response
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A documentary film director made a series of films about the lives of a set of children when they were 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 years of age, i.e., the films 7-Up and 14-Up... What type of research design is this?
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longitudinal
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archival data
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factual information in existing records
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archival research
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study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypotheses
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Assignment
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in an experiment, pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter's plan
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case study
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exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis
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correlational research
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nonexperimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them
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hermeneutics
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the principles of interpretation of a text's meaning
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Laboratory Observation
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A type of observation that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the field
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latent content
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the content of a text or photograph as measured by the appearance of themes as interpreted by the researcher
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manifest content
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the content of a text or photograph as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word, phrase, or action
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Manipulation
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in an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant
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narrative
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a viewpoint expressed by telling and listening to stories that communicate meaning
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naturalistic observation
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observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible
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nonreactive research
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another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, emphasizing that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied
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Observation
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the record of a behavior
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observational research
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study method in which the researcher observes and records ongoing behavior but does not attempt to change it
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participant- observer research
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observational research in which the observer participates in a group to record behavior
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physical trace
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unobtrusive measure of behavior that uses physical evidence
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pilot study
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tentative, small- scale study done to pretest and modify study design and procedures
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protocol
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list of all the steps that a subject goes through in a study
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qualitative research
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nonexperimental research that asks questions regarding about how people make meaning out of the world
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survey
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assessing public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of questionnaire and sampling methods
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unobtrusive research
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another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in the social sciences
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A major limitation of archival research is that:
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biases may be present in the records or data.
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The principle characteristic of case studies is that they examine:
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individual instances of some phenomenon.
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acquiescence
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the tendency to agree with a statement on a questionnaire, regardless of its content.
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closed-ended question
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one that limits the respondents to certain alternatives
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cluster sample
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group selected by using clusters or groupings from a larger population
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convenience sample
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a nonrandom sample that is chosen for practical reasons
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element
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individual member of a sampling frame
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exhaustive
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categories defined so that all possible cases will fall into one of them
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haphazard sample
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population subgroup for whose selection the researcher uses hit-or-miss methods
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Likert scale
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a question that asks for a rating of the extent of agreement or disagreement with a statement; a rating scale
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multistage sampling
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a form of cluster sampling in which clusters are further broken down by taking samples from each cluster
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mutually exclusive
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categories defined so that membership in one rules out membership in another
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open-ended question
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one that the respondents answer in their own words
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purposive sample
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a nonrandom sample that is chosen for some characteristic that it possesses
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random sample
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a sample in which every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected
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randomized response method
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a survey technique that encourages honesty by introducing a random variable that makes it impossible to identify whether an answer is true of a particular individual
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response rate
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in survey research, the percentage of individuals in the sample who return the completed survey
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sampling frame
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a population as it is defined for the purposes of selecting subjects for a study
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simple random sample
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group chosen from an entire population such that every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected in a single sample
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social desirability
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a characteristic of certain responses that causes people to choose that response even if it does not represent their true tendency or opinion
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stratified random sample
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a random sample in which two or more subsamples are represented according to some predetermined proportion, generally in the same proportion as they exist in the population
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systematic sample
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a probability sample that is not randomly selected
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verification key
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a collection of items on a questionnaire designed to detect dishonest answers
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visual analogue scale
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a question that asks for a response by marking a line between the minimum or maximum value for the statement.
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Open-ended questions are more appropriate for:
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preliminary studies.
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The categories of "apples" and "oranges" are:
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mutually exclusive.
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A Likert scale is a(n):
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rating scale, often with seven or nine categories.
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Dropoff administration of a survey would be most likely done with a group whose members are likely to be:
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at the same place at different times.
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The sampling frame is the:
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population as defined for the purposes of the survey.
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AB design
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also called a comparison design. Single- participant research design that consists of a baseline followed by a treatment.
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ABA design
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research design that includes a baseline period, a treatment period, and a subsequent withdrawal of treatment
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ABAB design
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an ABA design with treatment repeated after the withdrawal phase. Also called a replication design.
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alternating treatments design
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a type of single- participant design that allows the comparison of two different independent variables
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baseline
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the measure of behavior before treatment that establishes a reference point for evaluating the effect of treatment
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changing- criterion design
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research design that introduces successively more stringent criteria for reinforcement to see if behavior change coincides with the changing criteria
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clinical significance
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the practical importance of a result
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multiple-baseline design
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research design that introduces experimental manipulation at different times for different behaviors to see if behavior change coincides with manipulation
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power
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the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a difference actually exists in the population
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According to the text, the founder of experimental psychology was:
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Gustav Fechner.
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A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that:
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individuals always act as their own controls.
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Suppose that Dr. Jeffers uses 10 participants in an experiment and finds a correlation of .765, while Dr. Amico uses 50 participants and finds a correlation of .361. Both results are significant. Which result should you have more trust in?
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Dr. Jeffers, because he showed a larger effect.
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Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A-B design?
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Using multiple baselines.
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Multiple-baseline designs may be conducted across all of the following variables except:
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settings.
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cohort
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in research, a group that has something in common, such as age
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cross-sectional study
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in developmental research, a study that tests different age groups at the same time
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cross-sequential design
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design used to help separate developmental, cohort, and secular effects
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formative evaluation
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an evaluation of ways to improve a project while it is ongoing
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interrupted time-series design
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research design that allows the same group to be compared over time by considering the trend of the data before and after experimental manipulation
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longitudinal study
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in developmental research, a study that tests individuals in a single cohort over the course of time
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meta-analysis
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a set of methods for combining the results of many studies
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nonequivalent control-group design
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research design having both an experimental and a control group wherein subjects are not randomly assigned to groups
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program evaluation
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a set of techniques for determining the effectiveness of a social service program
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quasi experiment
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research procedure in which the scientist must select subjects for different conditions from preexisting groups
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repeated- treatment design
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design in which a treatment is withdrawn and then presented a second time
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secular trend
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a change that is taking place in the general population over time (the term has nothing to do with religion)
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stakeholders
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people in an organization who stand to gain or lose by any change in it
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summative evaluation
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an evaluation of the quality of a project, often after it is completed
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time-lag effect
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in a cross- sequential design, the effect resulting from comparing subjects of the same age at different times
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If X = experimental treatment and O = pretest or posttest observation, then for "O X O", O represents the ________ design.
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nonequivalent control group
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When Alexander Wagenaar compared alcohol-related traffic accidents before and after the increase of the drinking age, the ________ design was used.
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interrupted time series
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A cohort is a(n):
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group of subjects that has something in common, such as year of birth.
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A secular trend is a:
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trend in the general population.
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Much of the research in the United States is funded by:
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government grants.
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All of the following may be considered essential limitations of science except: a. science is necessarily an esoteric discipline. b. all science is tentative. c. science must remain agnostic about some questions concerning religious values. d. science is incomplete.
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a. science is necessarily an esoteric discipline.
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Science must remain unbiased about: a. masculinity and femininity. b. God. c. All of these d. questions of values.
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All of these
