HDFS 2400 – Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener.
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During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will
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Good child care enhanses cognitive, language, and social development.
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Which of the following is supported by research on child care?
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When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.
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Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ablitiy to generate and follow a plan?
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thinking about thought.
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Metacognition involves
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use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.
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Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often
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widespread immunization of infants and young children.
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In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half century, largely as the result of
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not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills.
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Contemporary researchers believe that make-believe play
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make-believe
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Vygotsky viewed __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
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a recast
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Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.
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representational, or symbolic, activity.
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According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in
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Many American children do not have the access to the healthcare they need.
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Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?
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ordinality.
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Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. is demonstrating a grasp of
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pituitary gland
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The ______, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing 2 hormones that induce growth
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overregularization.
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Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating
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schools.
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In Western societies, the role of equipping children with the skills they need to become competent workers is assigned to
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Word-processing programs can support emergent literacy, enabling preschoolers to experiment with letters and words without having to struggle with handwriting.
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Which of the following is true about computer use in early childhood?
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mental strategies
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Information processing focusses on __________ that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.
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getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school.
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Watching educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with
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tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.
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Research shows that children more often use private speech when
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provide a variety of activities from which children select.
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In child-centered preschool programs, teachers
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picture that shows his own point of view.
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Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select the
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A steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on completing goal.
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A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is:
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Balance improves greatly.
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As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy
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Adult cognitive support.
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Consistent with Vygotsky's ideas, research shows that ______________ predict(s) gains in children's thinking.
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Growth hormone.
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____________ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.
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Parental involvement.
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A central component of the Head Start philosophy is
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Has a fragile understanding of the appearance-reality distinction.
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After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi
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Familiarity with physical events and principles.
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_________ contribute(s) to the decline of magical beliefs.
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have narrow and overly intense interests.
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Children with autism
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Centration.
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Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
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Parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children.
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Which of the following is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?
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Conservation.
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______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
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Brooke, an obese girl.
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Which child is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?
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Model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them.
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Research on language development in early childhood shows that recasts and expansions
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Scripts.
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General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as
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Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.
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Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?
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70; 90
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Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.
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Motor vehicle collisions.
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In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.
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Young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.
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According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during preschool years because
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2 & 3
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In early childhood, on average, children add ____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.
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Skeletal age
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X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate childrens
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Tooth decay
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An estimated 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers have ____________, a figure that rises to 60 percent by age 18.
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70; 90
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Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.
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Especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the frontal lobe
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EEG and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal
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Is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off
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For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere
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Increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood
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In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right cerebral hemisphere
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Language; spatial
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_______ skills increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood, whereas ______ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.
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Prenatal events
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_______ may profoundly affect handedness.
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Cerebellum
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The _____________ aids in balance and control of body movement.
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Cerebellum; cerebral cortex
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Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.
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motor; cognitive
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Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both _______ and __________ deficits.
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pituitary gland
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The ___________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.
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thyroxine
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.
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become unpredictable, picky eaters.
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With the transition to early childhood, many children
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Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.
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Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?
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Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.
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Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?
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Childhood diseases occur earlier in developing nations than in industrialized countries.
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Which of the following statements is true about childhood diseases?
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70
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Worldwide, _____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases.
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Diarrhea
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__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 2 million childhood deaths each year.
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administering oral rehydration therapy when he is sick.
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Bullous lives in a shantytown. His parents can decrease the risks of persistent diarrhea by
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saves the lives of millions of children every year.
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Oral rehydration therapy
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a solution of glucose, salt, and water.
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Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy, which consists of
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23
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About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.
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Unintentional injuries
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__________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.
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35; 50
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In the United States, nearly ______ percent of childhood deaths and ______ percent of adolescent deaths result from injuries.
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motor vehicle collisions
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In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.
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1.5
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Boys are _____ times more likely to be injured than girls.
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Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education
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_______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.
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U.S. children from advantaged families are at considerably greater risk for injury than children in Western Europe.
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Which of the following is supported by research on childhood injuries?
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40
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About ____ percent of U.S. parents fail to place their preschoolers in car safety seats.
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can tie their shoes.
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By the end of the preschool years, most children
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making gestures that leave marks.
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Children first represent objects and events on paper by
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adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects
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When ___________, preschoolers pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.
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their own name.
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Preschoolers first attempts to print often involve writing
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Girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor skills.
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Which of the following is true about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood?
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language
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Piaget acknowledged that ________ is a childs most flexible means of mental representation.
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only realistic objects.
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In early pretending, toddlers use
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Older preoperational children are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity.
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Which of the following is true about the development of make-believe play?
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spend more time in sociodramatic play
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Preschoolers who _____________ are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.
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dual representation
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While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a bottle to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp
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diverse symbols
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Experiences with ___________ help preschoolers appreciate that one object can stand for another.
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egocentrism
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According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is
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animistic thinking
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The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called
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picture that shows his own point of view.
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Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piagets three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the dolls perspective, he will most likely select the
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animistic thinking.
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Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating
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an inability to conserve.
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Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is all spread out. Jasmine is demonstrating
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Centration
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Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational childrens thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
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perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation
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In Piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, preoperational children are easily distracted by the ________ of objects and ignore the ___________ between events.
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irreversibility.
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The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its
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hierarchical classification
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Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences.
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unfamiliar elements or too many pieces of information.
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One reason Piagetian problems do not always elicit responses reflecting preschoolers true cognitive abilities is that they contain
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Most 3- and 4-year-olds believe in the supernatural powers of fairies, goblins, and other enchanted creatures.
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Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that
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organize their everyday knowledge into nested categories at an early age.
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Follow-up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with Piagetian class inclusion tasks, they
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egocentric
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Piaget called childrens self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.
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helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.
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According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years
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scaffolding
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According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _______ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance..
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Guided participation
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_____________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.
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children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.
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In village and tribal cultures, parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children because
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seldom ask others for something interesting to do.
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Compared to their Western agemates, Yucatec Mayan preschoolers
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decide for herself when and how much to eat.
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Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to
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mental strategies
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Information processing focuses on ___________that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.
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a steady gain in childrens ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal
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A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is
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When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.
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Which of the following is true about preschoolers ability to generate and follow a plan?
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The ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before.
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Recognition memory is
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They are not skilled at using memory strategies.
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Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because
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An autobiographical memory.
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Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as
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Elaborative; more.
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With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ________ style recall _________ information about past events.
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Language ability.
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Many studies indicate that __________ strongly predicts preschoolers grasp of false belief.
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False-belief
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Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, complex sentences with mental-state words are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.
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Emergent literacy
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Childrens active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called
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A deficient theory of mind.
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Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have
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Phonological awareness
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_____________ is a strong predictor of emergent literacy.
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Cardinality
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Mastery of _________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.
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Display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being
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Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to _____________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.
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Enter low-quality public schools.
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One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children
