HP – Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – Flashcards
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Psycho: beliefs, thoughts, stress, emotions, moods, etc.; Neuro: central and peripheral nervous system.; Immunology: the immune system.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) root words.
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What stress can do to the immune system.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) definition
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To defend against infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
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What is the immune system's primary job?
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Parts of the body attacked by the immune system.
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What is autoimmune disease?
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Inborn resistance to pathogens; acts the same way for all invaders, e.g. skin.
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Innate Immunity
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Occurs when white blood cells enter tissues to attack infections; many pathogens can get past this defense.
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The role of inflammation
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The "soldiers" that patrol around looking for invaders; they kill all invaders the same way.
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Cells of innate immunity: Natural killer cells
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The "pac" men that kill by ingesting invaders and digesting them into harmless bits.
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Cells of innate immunity: Macrophages
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The "tattle tales" that take a piece of antigen (the invader) with them to show it to more powerful cells.
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Cells of innate immunity: Antigen presenting cells
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The "suicide bombers" that release destructive enzymes. They die killing antigens.
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Cells of innate immunity: The "phils" (eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils)
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Immunity acquired from pathogens encountered during lifetime.
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Adaptive immunity
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A type of white blood cell, different for each kind of antigen, they build an army of clones and Cytotoxic Killer T Cells
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Cells of adaptive immunity: Helper T Cells
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The "Jack the Rippers", they directly kill or eat their victims; tears invaders to shreds
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Cells of adaptive immunity: Cytotoxic Killer T Cells
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Are like Snow White's evil stepmother. They are activated by Helper T Cells, and use antibodies (specially designed poison) to kill the invaders.
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Cells of adaptive immunity: B Cells
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Are like the "elephant's memory"; Different for each antigen, created from B Cells and T Cells. Ready to act fast if encountered again. Vaccines take advantage of this.
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Cells of adaptive immunity: Memory Cells
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Before conditioning: Sugar water; No response. Before conditioning: Drug; Nausea. During conditioning: Sugar water + Drug; Nausea. After conditioning: Sugar water; Nausea.
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Conditioned nausea in rats.
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Before conditioning: Sugar water; No response. Before conditioning: Drug; Immune suppression. During conditioning: Sugar water + Drug; Immune suppression. After conditioning: Sugar water; Immune suppression.
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Conditioned immune suppression in rats.
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[1] The two groups differed based on nausea. Immune response was never measured. Perhaps drug had delayed response? [2] Rats in the conditioned group showed a suppressed immune system. So, an immune response *can* be behaviorally conditioned. [3] *This study started the PNI field.*
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Ader's study
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There is no single measure of it. Some measures may show a better response, while others show a worse response; Some cells inhibit the activity of other cells; you might look for changes too early or too late.
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Why is it hard to measure immune response?
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Immune substances that have many roles: in *adaptive immunity*, they *coordinate* the *function* of *other immune cells*; in *innate immunity*, they lead to *inflammation*, increased *sleep*, reduced activity and consumption, send immune sells into tissues, *tissue repair and wound healing*.
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Proinflammatory Cytokines (like Interleukin-1)
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[1] Find a group of stressed people (care givers) and match them to non-stressed controls. [2] Wound subjects (biopsy punch) [3] Measure how long it takes for the wound to heal and measure interleukin-1
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 1 (Keicolt-Glaser et al., 1995) design
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Results: Stressed participants' wounds healed slower compared to the wounds of the control group. Stressed participants blook produced less interleukin-1 compared to the control group. Potential confounds: can't randomly assign people to care-giver groups.
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 1(Keicolt-Glaser et al., 1995) results
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[1] Find a group of dental students. [2] Wound students during summer break. [3] Measure time it takes for the wound to heal, and measure amount of interleukin-1 in blood. [4] Wound students 3 days before exams and repeat [3] (each student served as his/her own control)
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 2 (Marucha et al., 1998) design
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Results: Dental students' wounds healed 40% slower during finals exams compared to during summer break. Dental students interleukin-1 levels decreased during exam time compared to during the summer. Confounds: time of year?
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 2 (Marucha et al., 1998) results
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[1] Assessed wound healing in 36 adults following a hernia repair surgery. [Method:] Pre-surgery: assess perceived stress; Post-surgery: measure wound fluid, perceived stress, pain, and recovery speed.
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 3 (Broadbent et al., 2000) design
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Results: Participants with higher stress pre-surgery had lower levels of interleukin-1, had more pain, and slower recovery.
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Stress and Wound healing, Study 3 (Broadbent et al., 2000) results
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[1] Participants: first time parachute jumpers. [2] Take blood 3 times: 2 hours before jump, immediately after jump, and 1 hour after jump. [3] Monitor HR continuously. [4] Measure sympathetic nervous system hormones continuously.
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Acute Stress and Immune Response (Schedlowski et al., 1993) design
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Results: HR shoots up during jump; epinephrine shoots up during jump; norepinephrine shoots up just after jump; natural killer cells increase right after jump; natural killer cells decrease below their starting point an hour after jump.
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Acute Stress and Immune Response (Schedlowski et al., 1993) results:
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Many aspects of your *immune system are activated* in response to the sudden onset of acute stressors.
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Short term response (Stress and Immune Response: The Complex Picture)
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Many aspects of your *immune system are suppressed* in response to ongoing stressors.
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Long term response (Stress and Immune Response: The Complex Picture)
