AP MUSIC THEORY STUDY GUIDE – Flashcards
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rhythmic flow of a sequence of sounds or words
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Cadence
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prolonging or delaying cadence with additional material
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Cadential Extension
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the closing section of a musical composition
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Coda
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A short coda
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Codetta
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outline of the musical piece
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Contour
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Accompanying melody sounding against the principle melody
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Countermelody
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when the last note of one phrase serves as the first note of the next phrase
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Elision (phrase elision)
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a small but recognizable part of the motive
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Fragment (Fragmented motive)
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connecting material with or without lyrics
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Bridge
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a group in unison
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Chorus
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The order in which the parts of a song are organized and arranged (AABA is the most common song form and is arranged verse, verse, chorus, verse)
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Song form (AABA)
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passage at end of a section which leads to the next section, often repetition of previous section
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Turnaround
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standard formula for the blues with a harmonic progression in which the first four measure phrase is on the tonic the second phrase begins on the subdominant and ends on the tonic and the third phrase on the dominant and returns to the tonic.
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Twelve-bar Blues
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the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original)
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Augmentation
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Smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals.
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Conjunct
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lessening; reduction in size
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Diminution
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disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps
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Disjunct
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the version of a phrase that includes extra sequences or repetition
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Extended Version
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division of a musical idea into segments
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Fragmentation
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phrase extends beyond the expected phrase length
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Internal Expansion
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any arrangement of chord other than root position
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Inversion (Melodic Inversion)
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sequences are repeated, indicated by repeat sign, capo, or segno
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Literal Repetition
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rhythmic theme is changed
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Motivic Transformation
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taking a melodic line and moving some of the notes into a different octave
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Octave displacement
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go backwards in a piece of music
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Retrograde
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multiplication, rotation, permutation (i.e. transposition, inversion, and retrograde), and combinations thereof involving rhythm
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Rhythmic Transformation
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The following of one thing after another; succession; orderly series
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Sequence
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transposing a longer sequence to a different scale degree; may be diatonic or intervalically exact
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Sequential repetition
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Abbreviated version of a piece
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Shortened Version
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playing in a different key from the key intended
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Transposition
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utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted
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truncation
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a theme that is elaborated on in a piece of music
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Motive
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an amount of time in a piece of music
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Period
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an introduction coming before a phrase
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Antecedent
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following as an effect or result of the antecedent
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Consequent
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period in which phrase beginnings are not similar
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Contrasting period
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four phrases in two pairs, cadence at end of second pair is stronger than cadence at the end of the first pair
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Double Period
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melodic material that begin the two halves of the periods are similar
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Parallel Period
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Transitional passages that connect more significant thematic areas. They seem to belong together without forming a period or double period.
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Phrase Group
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a regularly repeated line or group of lines
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Refrain
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characterized by or consisting of two parts or components
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Binary
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Musical form similar to ternary but first section isn't fully repeated (A | Ba)
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Rounded Binary
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A B A, or statement-contrast-return
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Ternary
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melodic line solo: one person soli: the section
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Solo, soli
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a group of lines forming a unit
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Stanza
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describes a song where the stanzas are all sung to the same music
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Strophic
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a unifying idea that is a recurrent element
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Theme
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musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm
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Thematic Transformation
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a form containing new music throughout
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Through-composed
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section of a musical composition played by all the performers
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Tutti
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a change in the musical form whether it be rhyme, diction pattern etc.
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Variation
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a line of metrical text
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Verse
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V-I
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Authentic Cadence
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tonic note NOT in soprano, can be V to I or vii to I, chords are inverted
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Imperfect authentic Cadence
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a progression from V to I in major keys, chords in root position, tonic note in soprano line
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Perfect authentic Cadence
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movement from V or V7 to I ends on tonic chord
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Conclusive cadence
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V-VI
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Deceptive Cadence
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cadence ending on V
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Half Cadence
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iv6 -> V
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Phrygian half Cadence
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A cadence that doesn't end on I.
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Inconclusive Cadence
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IV-I
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Plagal Cadence
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1
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Tonic
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2
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Supertonic
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3
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Mediant
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4
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Subdominant:
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5
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Dominant:
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6
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Submediant:
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7
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Leading tone:
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?
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Functions
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A chord that can substitute for the tonic chord
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Tonic Functions
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?
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Dominant functions
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any chord that leads to a dominant chord such as the supertonic, subdominant, submediant, secondary dominant, minor six chord, and diminshed seventh chord.
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Predominant functions
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Chart that represents the relationships between all major and minor keys. beadgcf flats fcgdaeb sharps
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Circle of 5ths
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The progression V -vi (or V-VI).
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Deceptive progression
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time or rhythmic value in which harmony progresses; the regularity and linear motion of chord progression
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Harmonic rhythm
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rise and fall of the pitch
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Modulation
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sustained/repeated pitch that acts as a bridge from old key to new key.
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Common tone modulation
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modulations without common chords or tones
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phrase modulation
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a type of modulation that moves from the original key to the destination key (usually a closely related key) by way of a chord both keys share
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Pivot chord modulation
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formed by 2-3 neighbor notes occurring at the same time in similar motion to make a new chord
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Neighboring chord
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rate at which the chords change or the harmony changes in a piece
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Rate of harmonic change
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Movement backward
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Retrogression
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the V or Dominant of a key other than Tonic
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Secondary Dominant
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a leading tone chord that functions as applied or secondary, dominant, usually fully diminished seventh chord
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Secondary leading tone Chord
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Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase
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Tonicization
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Approach by Step or skip leave by same note direction up or down not accented
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Anticipation
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approach by skip leave by step direction usually opposite accented
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Apoggiatura:
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ornamentation added to music to make it more beautiful or effective
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Embellishment
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approach by step leave by skip direction usually opposite not accented
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Escape tone (echapee)
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approach by step leave by step opposite direction
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Neighboring tone (auxilary, embellishing, and neighbor tones)
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combination of successive upper and lower neighbors around the same pitch
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Double Neighbor
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a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones
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Lower Neighbor
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A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones
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Upper Neighbor
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skip, step, opposite, no
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Neighbor group (Cambiata, changing tones, changing notes):
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embellishment
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Ornament
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step, step, same
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Passing tone (accented, unaccented)
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a note, usually in the bass, sustained or continually repeated for a period of time while the harmonies change around it
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Pedal Point
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a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord
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Preparation
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a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord
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Resolution
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same note, step, up, accented
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Retardation
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...
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Suspension
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Rearticulated Suspension:
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Suspension Chain:
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Alto:
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Bass:
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Close position:
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Doubling:
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First Inversion:
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Inversion, inversion of chords:
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Open Position:
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Root:
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Root Position:
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Second Inversion:
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Soprano:
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Tenor:
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Third Inversion:
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Common Tone:
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Contrary Motion:
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Cross relation (false relation):
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Crossed Voices (voice crossing):
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Direct fifths (hidden fifths):
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Direct octaves (hidden octaves):
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Oblique motion:
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Overlapping Voices:
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Parallel Motion:
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Parallel intervals:
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Objectionable: parallels:
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Parallel fifths:
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parallel octaves:
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Similar motion:
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Tendency tone:
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Unresolved leading tone:
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Unresolved seventh:
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Voice exchange:
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Arpeggio, arpeggiation:
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Chromatic:
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Common practice Style:
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Consonance:
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Diatonic:
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Dissonance:
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Figured Bass:
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Flatted Fifth:
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Lead Sheet:
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Picardy Third:
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Resolution:
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Äntiphonal:
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Articulation:
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Arco:
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Legatio:
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Marcato:
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Pizzicato:
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Slur:
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Staccato:
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Tenuto:
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Call and response:
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Dynamics:
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Crescendo:
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Diminuendo:
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Terrace Dynamics:
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Pianissimo (pp):
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Piano (p):
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Mezzo piano (mp):
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Mezzo forte (mf):
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Forte (f):
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Fortissimo (ff):
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Improvisation, improvisatory:
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Phrasing:
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Tempo:
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Adagio:
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Allegro:
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Andante:
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Andantino:
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Grave:
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Largo:
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Lento:
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moderato:
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Presto:
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Vivace:
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Accelerando:
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Ritardando:
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Ritenuto:
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Rubato:
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Accent:
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Agogic accent:
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Dynamic accent:
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Metrical accent:
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Anacrusis (pickup; upbeat):
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Asymmetrical Meter:
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Augmentation:
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Bar line:
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Beat:
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Beat type:
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Compound:
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Simple:
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Changing Meter (multimeter):
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Cross Rhythm:
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Diminution:
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Dot, double dot:
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Dotted Rhythm:
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Duplet:
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Duration:
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Hemiola:
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Irregular meter:
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Meter:
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Duple:
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Quadruple:
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Triple:
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Note value:
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Polyrhythm:
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Pulse:
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Rhythm:
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Swing Rhythm:
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Suncopation:
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Tempo:
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Tie:
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Time Signature:
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Triplet:
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Ionian:
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Dorian:
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Phrygian:
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Lydian:
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Mixolydian:
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Aeolian:
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Locrian:
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Parallel:
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Relative:
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Pentatonic:
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Tetrachord:
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Tonal:
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Tonality:
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Whole-tone Scale:
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Lyrics:
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Melismatic:
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Stanza:
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Syllabic:
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Alberti:
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Canon:
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Canonic:
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Chordal acompaniment:
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Contrapuntal:
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Counterpoint:
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Imitation:
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Imitative:
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Polyphony:
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Nonimitative polyphony:
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Countermelody:
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Fugal imitation:
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Heterophony, heterophonic:
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Chordal homophony:
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Chordal texture (homorhythmic):
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Melody with accompaniment:
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Instrumentation:
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Brass:
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Continuo:
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Percussion:
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Rhythm section:
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Strings:
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timbre:
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Woodwinds:
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Melody:
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Monophony, monophonic:
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Obbligato:
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Ostinato:
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Polyphony, polyphonic:
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Register:
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Solo, soli:
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Tessitura:
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Tutti:
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Walking bass:
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Aria:
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Art Song:
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Concerto:
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Fugue:
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Genre:
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Interlude:
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Opera:
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Prelude:
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Postlude:
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Sonata:
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Song:
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String Quartet:
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Symphony:
