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developmental psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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zygote

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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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embryo

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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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fetus

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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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teratogens

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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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rooting reflex

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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn towards the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

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habituation

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as infants gain familiarity and repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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maturation

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biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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schema

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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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assimillation

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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

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accomodation

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adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information

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cognition

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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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sensorimotor stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth-2yrs) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities -object permanece -stranger anxiety

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object permanence

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the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived

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preoperational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2-6/7yrs) during which a child learns to use language but doesn't comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic -pretend play -egocentrism -language development

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conservation

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the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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egocentrism

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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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theory of mind

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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

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autism

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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

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concrete operational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development(6/7-11yrs) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events -conservation -mathematical transformations

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formal operational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (12 yrs) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts -abstract logic -potential for mature moral reasoning

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months of age

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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critical period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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basic trust

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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self-concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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aggression

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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

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X chromosome

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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two and males have one

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Y chromosome

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the sex chromosome found in only in males

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testosterone

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most important male sex hormone; both sexes have it, but additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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role

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a set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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gender role

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a set of expected behaviors for males and females

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gender identity

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one's sense of being male or female

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gender-typing

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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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social learning theory

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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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gender schema theory

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the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

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adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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puberty

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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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primary sex characteristics

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the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

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secondary sex characteristics

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non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips and males voice quality and body hair.

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menarche

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the first menstrual period

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identity

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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a self of self by testing and integrating various roles

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intimacy

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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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menopause

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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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Alzheimer's disease

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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

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cross-sectional study

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a study in which people of difference ages are compared to one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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fluid intelligence

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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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social clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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personal space

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The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

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Kubler Ross Stages of Dying

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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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trust vs mistrust

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Erikson's stage for infancy, if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

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atonomy vs shame and doubt

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Erikson's stage for toddlers, they learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities

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initiative vs guilt

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Erikson's stage for preschoolers, they learn to initate tasks and carry out plans of they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

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competence vs inferiority

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Erikson's stage for elementary school, children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior

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identity vs role confusion

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Erikson's stage for adolescence, teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and them integrating them to form a single identity, of they become confused about who they are

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intimacy vs isolation

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Erikson's stage for early adulthood, they struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

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generatively vs stagnation

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Erikson's stage for middle adulthood, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

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integrity vs despair

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Erikson's stage for late adulthood, when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction of failure

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preconventional morality

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Kohlberg's moral stage for infancy through elementary, before age nine, most children obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

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conventional morality

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Kohlberg's moral stage for adolescence through early adulthood, morality has usually evolved to a more conventional level that cares for other and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws or rules

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post conventional morality

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Kohlberg's moral stage for middle through late adulthood, some of those who have developed abstract reasoning of formal thought may come to this third level. ________ morality affirms people's agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

AP Psych Unit 8 – Flashcards

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