question

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is

answer

FR 1

question

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

answer

frustration

question

Resurgence may help account for

answer

regression

question

George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned, George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure called

answer

stretching the ratio

question

Of the following, the schedule that most closely resembles noncontingent reinforcement is

answer

FT

question

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the

answer

response unit hypothesis

question

In schedules research, VD stands for

answer

variable duration

question

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the

answer

FT schedule

question

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10" schedule. Lever pressing is on a

answer

concurrent schedule

question

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

answer

duration

question

Things are going pretty well for George (see item 26) until he jumps from reinforcing every tenth response to reinforcing every 50th response. At this point, the pigeon responds erratically and nearly stops responding entirely. George's pigeon is suffering from

answer

ratio strain

question

Studies of choice involve

answer

concurrent schedules

question

The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10.

answer

True

question

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

answer

fixed duration

question

Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's reinforcement schedule is best described as a

answer

variable time schedule

question

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the

answer

FI schedule

question

Bill spends his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he takes a position on a busy corner and accosts passersby saying, "Can you spare some change?" Most people ignore him, but every now and then someone gives him money. Bill's reinforcement schedule is best described as a

answer

variable ratio schedule

question

Extinction often increases the variability of behavior.

answer

True

question

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the

answer

FT schedule

question

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

answer

False

question

schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.

answer

Progressive

question

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck

answer

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

question

Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.

answer

False

question

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.

answer

noncontingent

question

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

answer

duration

question

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.

answer

True

question

In schedules research, VD stands for

answer

variable duration

question

Gradually reducing the frequency of reinforcement is called

answer

stretching the ratio

question

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a

answer

multiple schedule

question

CRF is synonymous with

answer

FR 1

question

Post-reinforcement pauses are now often referred to as

answer

pre-ratio pauses

question

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is

answer

FR 1

question

A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by

answer

Ferster and Skinner

question

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.

answer

True

question

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except

answer

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

question

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in

answer

the use of excessively strong aversives

question

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that

answer

Charles's behavior has not been punished

question

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

answer

aversive

question

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that

answer

it doesn't pay to tell the truth

question

Positive punishment is most often confused with

answer

negative reinforcement

question

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that

answer

something is added

question

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

answer

False

question

An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.

answer

True

question

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in

answer

about half as much response suppression

question

Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often

answer

an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers

question

If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that

answer

shock is contingent on lever pressing

question

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by

answer

Thorndike

question

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves

answer

Pavlovian and operant learning

question

Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with

answer

extinction

question

Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that

answer

Charles's behavior has not been punished

question

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

answer

False

question

All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except

answer

increasing the reinforcer deprivation level

question

Murray Sidman's book on aversive control, including punishment, is called

answer

Coercion and Its Fallout

question

Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.

answer

penalty

question

If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

question

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to

answer

try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

question

The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution.

answer

True

question

Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects.

answer

True

question

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of

answer

response prevention

question

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

answer

aversive

question

One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

answer

True

question

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.

answer

2 seconds

question

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the

answer

more it suppresses behavior

question

Positive punishment is most often confused with

answer

negative reinforcement

question

The one-process theory of punishment goes back to

answer

Thorndike

question

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that

answer

something is added

question

Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.

answer

False

question

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is

answer

DRL

question

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

answer

True

question

Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by

answer

parental attention

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

True

question

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

answer

time off

question

Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with

answer

monkeys

question

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct .

answer

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

answer

effective

question

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

answer

frames

question

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to

answer

30 times a minute

question

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

answer

Markowitz

question

Brad Alford's study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of

answer

an ABA design experiment

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

answer

effective

question

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

answer

more than twice

question

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

answer

time off

question

Time out is a form of punishment.

answer

True

question

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

answer

frames

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

True

question

Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was

answer

the opportunity to move on to the next frame

question

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior

answer

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

question

The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner.

answer

True

question

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

answer

False

question

Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.

answer

True

question

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

answer

teachers

question

The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.

answer

True

question

Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.

answer

True

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

True

question

Research suggests that bonuses based on employee performance can improve productivity

answer

and reduce company costs

question

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called

answer

Headsprout

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he

answer

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

question

is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

answer

Symptom substitution

question

The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

answer

True

question

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

answer

True

question

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.

answer

False

question

Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by

answer

parental attention

question

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

answer

Markowitz

question

refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.

answer

Break point

question

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n)

answer

VR schedule

question

FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.

answer

noncontingent

question

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the

answer

greater the number of responses during extinction

question

One difference between FT and FI schedules is that in FT schedules, reinforcement is not contingent on a behavior.

answer

True

question

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

answer

False

question

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

answer

fixed duration

question

When a response is placed on extinction, there is often an increase in emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.

answer

frustration

question

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to

answer

try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior

question

Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.

answer

penalty

question

If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

question

In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.

answer

False

question

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves

answer

Pavlovian and operant learning

question

An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.

answer

True

question

One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

answer

True

question

David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in

answer

about half as much response suppression

question

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to

answer

reduce its effectiveness

question

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.

answer

True

question

David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.

answer

2 seconds

question

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is

answer

DRL

question

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."

answer

Jack Michaels

question

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in

answer

the use of excessively strong aversives

question

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of

answer

response prevention

question

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

answer

Markowitz

question

The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.

answer

True

question

Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.

answer

True

question

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

answer

teachers

question

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior

answer

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

True

question

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct

answer

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

question

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

answer

more than twice

question

Eddie McNamara's study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.

answer

False

question

Time out is a form of punishment.

answer

True

question

The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

answer

True

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

True

question

Self-injurious behavior sometimes occurs in healthy people, including college students.

answer

True

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

answer

effective

question

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to

answer

30 times a minute

question

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

answer

True

question

Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was

answer

the opportunity to move on to the next frame

question

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with

answer

time off

question

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

answer

False

question

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.

answer

False

question

Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by

answer

parental attention

question

Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed.

answer

shaping

question

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called

answer

Headsprout

question

is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

answer

Symptom substitution

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he

answer

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

question

Social observational learning may be defined as

answer

a change in behavior due to observing a model

question

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

answer

ghost

question

Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.

answer

True

question

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will

answer

flunk out

question

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is

answer

retentional processes

question

Little of classroom learning is observational.

answer

False

question

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that

answer

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

question

The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.

answer

True

question

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was

answer

overwhelming

question

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children

answer

imitated the irrelevant acts

question

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

answer

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

question

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of

answer

The Sorrows of Young Werther

question

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model

answer

did better than those who did not observe a model

question

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children

answer

imitated the irrelevant acts

question

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing

answer

events and their consequences.

question

Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.

answer

True

question

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

answer

True

question

Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.

answer

True

question

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called

answer

retentional processes

question

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.

answer

False

question

Social observational learning may be defined as

answer

a change in behavior due to observing a model

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers

answer

listened to models on a tape

question

The operant learning model of observational learning takes the

answer

natural science approach

question

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called

answer

generalized imitation

question

Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.

answer

True

question

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably

answer

adults

question

Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.

answer

True

question

The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.

answer

True

question

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.

answer

False

question

If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of

answer

vicarious reinforcement

question

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of

answer

observing events and their consequences

question

The first studies of observational learning

answer

failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

question

All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.

answer

False

question

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about

answer

termite fishing

question

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is

answer

retentional processes

question

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from

answer

generalization

question

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

answer

False

question

In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

answer

matching to sample

question

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S^DSD, but not in the presence of an S^-, we can say the behavior is

answer

under stimulus control

question

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

answer

2

question

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

answer

slightly softer than the CS+

question

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

answer

True

question

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across

answer

time

question

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is

answer

Herbert Terrace

question

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called

answer

learned industriousness

question

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called

answer

learned industriousness

question

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.

answer

response

question

Jill trains her dog, Boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. Finger snapping is

answer

SD

question

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

answer

True

question

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

answer

True

question

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented

answer

by a different teacher

question

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is

answer

under stimulus control

question

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably receive the lowest rating.

answer

social worker

question

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

answer

False

question

You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing

answer

animals

question

In _______ discrimination training, the SD and SΔ are presented at the same time.

answer

simultaneous

question

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

answer

2

question

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

answer

True

question

Generalization is sometimes called

answer

transfer

question

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

answer

True

question

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

answer

True

question

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.

answer

False

question

An SD is analogous to a

answer

CS+

question

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates

answer

generalization

question

Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students

answer

failed to solve the problems in the second set

question

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This

answer

reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

question

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is

answer

Herbert Terrace

question

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

answer

SD

question

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

answer

slightly softer than the CS+

question

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds

answer

pecked the human figures

question

Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to

answer

five decades

question

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they

answer

disagree with it

question

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

answer

True

question

Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called

answer

DMTS

question

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

answer

declarative

question

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.

answer

True

question

The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order,

answer

chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount

question

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

answer

True

question

The names of the Great Lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym,

answer

HOMES

question

In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.

answer

True

question

The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.

answer

retroactive interference

question

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

answer

true

question

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

answer

declarative

question

Memories that cannot be expressed are called

answer

nondeclarative

question

To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ____________ method.

answer

relearning

question

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.

answer

True

question

The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by

answer

Luria

question

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is

answer

put on extinction after the retention interval

question

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word

answer

hit

question

When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of

answer

proactive interference

question

Sir Frederick Barlett's classic study of forgetting used the story,

answer

The War of the Ghosts

question

Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to

answer

five decades

question

t turns out that Jack (see item 7) can't remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. Jill is measuring forgetting by using

answer

prompted recall

question

One measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. This procedures could be considered a form of

answer

prompted recall

question

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

answer

True

question

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.

answer

True

question

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient

answer

degradation

question

Marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn't remember her lines at rehearsal. Her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues.

answer

True

question

The name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning.

answer

True

question

In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A.

answer

paired associate

question

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

answer

False

question

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of

answer

learning

question

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they

answer

disagree with it

question

Clark's nutcrackers apparently recall the location of something like _________ food caches.

answer

2,000

question

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n

answer

VR schedule

question

In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.

answer

fixed duration

question

In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules.

answer

False

question

The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .

answer

Thorndike

question

If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______.

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be negative

question

The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."

answer

Jack Michaels

question

In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)

answer

aversive

question

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

answer

True

question

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

answer

True

question

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called

answer

frames

question

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as

answer

teachers

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

True

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he

answer

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

question

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

answer

ghost

question

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

answer

True

question

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model

answer

did better than those who did not observe a model

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models.

answer

True

question

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model

answer

frowned and shook her head

question

Although the consequences of a model's behavior have a strong influence on an observer's tendency to imitate the model's behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer's behavior tend to win out.

answer

True

question

In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.

answer

False

question

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called

answer

retentional processes

question

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

answer

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

question

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by

answer

E. L. Thorndike

question

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that

answer

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

question

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is

answer

retentional processes

question

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is

answer

stimulus generalization

question

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

answer

2

question

Generalization is sometimes called

answer

transfer

question

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

answer

True

question

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This

answer

reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

question

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck

answer

discs of various colors

question

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

answer

SD

question

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates

answer

generalization

question

In errorless discrimination training

answer

he S^{Delta} is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased

question

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

answer

True

question

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced

answer

73,000 times

question

In _______ discrimination training, the S^DSD and S^{Delta}SΔ are presented at the same time.

answer

simultaneous

question

When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ____________.

answer

proactive interference

question

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.

answer

True

question

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

answer

True

question

The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by

answer

Luria

question

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.

answer

True

question

Riding a bicycle is an example of _____ memory.

answer

procedural

question

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word

answer

hit

question

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

answer

False

question

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient

answer

degradation

question

Sir Frederick Barlett's classic study of forgetting used the story,

answer

The War of the Ghosts

question

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied i

answer

put on extinction after the retention interval

question

In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.

answer

True

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