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Causes of Industrialization

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natural resources, growing population, improved transportation, immigration, new inventions.

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Homestead Act

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This act, passed in 1862, gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.

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Transcontinental Railroad

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Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.

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Captains of Industry vs. Robber Barons

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Captains of industry improve the economy through positive contribution (good inspiration and fair) while robber barons corrupted the economy through negative contribution (monopolies and fraud). Both come into contradiction as to how describe the kind of business who built America's most powerful industries.

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Alexander Graham Bell/ Thomas Edison

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Owners of the patents for the telephone (Bell) and lightbulb and created the first research lab (Edison). These inventions modernized communication and engineering.

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John D. Rockefeller (oil)

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Applied the latest technology and efficient practices to cut prices for standard oil kerosene and drive it out of business by created a Standard Oil Trust that controled 90% of oil refinery businesses. Other industries emulated his success (sugar, meat, etc.)

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Andrew Carnegie (steel)

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Super attendant of the Pennsylvania Rail road who employed vertical integration to crate Carnegie Steel. His company had 20,000 employees and produced more steel than all British steel industries.

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JP Morgan

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An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

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Sears and Roebuck

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this Chicago company brought American in to the modern age of retail by publishing a yearly mail order catalog. This helped industry of all kinds prosper.

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Railroad Strike of 18877

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Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.

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National Labor Union

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1st attempt to unify all laborers (skilled, unskilled, agricultural, and industrial) with goals to increase wages and an 8 hour work day. Victory lead to an 8 hour work day. Its social program advocated women's and black's rights yet met its downfall in the depression of 1873 and the strike of 1877.

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Knights of Labor

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Leader Terrence Powderly made it public in 1881 with open membership. Its peak was 730,000 members in 1886. It declined just as rapid in Haymarket Affair when the public turned against unions.

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Haymarket Affair

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In Chicago, during a protest for an 8 hour workday during a Knights of Labor mass meeting that resulted in a mysterious bombing that killed 7 people. This lead to the decline of the Knights of Labor membership; they were viewed as anarchists.

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Samuel Gompers

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Founder of American Federation of Labor focusing on increased wages and improved working conditions. AF of L was an association of craft unions & members were skilled white men. Gompers directed workers to leave work to negotiate collective bargaining with employers.

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Homestead Strike

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In 1892 near Pittsburgh, Henry C., manager of Andrew Carnegie's Steel plant Frick cuts wages nearly 20% and caused a strike that he destroyed 5 months later with weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers; this strike set back the union movement in steel industry until the New Deal.

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Pullman Strike

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1894 in Pullman Company Town against the Pullman Rail Car Company ignited by the Panic of 1893 that brought a decrease in wages with the same rent; Eugene Debs was jailed for ignoring to end it. This lead to the Socialist Party and the decline of unions; people were still looking for balance between employees and workers.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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Passed by Congress in 1890 to prohibit contracts and combinations in trade and commerce. Trusts continue outside of commerce and into manufacturing.

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Nicknamed "the Wobblies," the IWW wanted to organize all workers according to industry, without making distinctions between skilled and unskilled workers

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Democratic and Republican Platform/Supporters

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Democrats want low tariff to benefit consumers and support the silver back up for currency (Ocala Platform) supported primarily by farmers and consumers while Republicans want high tariff to benefit businesses and support the gold standard supported by the rich businessmen

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

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effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

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Munn v. Illinois

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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

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Urbanization

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Industry and urban grow simultaneously and increases the population in cities that provided laborers to factories and a market to factory-made goods. Immigrants and migrants moved to north and west cities for opportunities including 1 million southern blacks (1877 - 1930)

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Changes in Urban Transportation

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Electric street cars and rail roads, subways and steel bridges are invented; they provide an easier commute within cities.

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Tenements

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Landlords divided up inner-city housing into small, rooms with ventilation shafts in the center to provide windows for each room and could cram over 4,000 people into one city block. These urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed.

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Political Machines

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Serve the need for votes with pros and cons. Pros: they were generous by giving to poor, provided better sanitation, increased immigrant roles, etc. Cons: there was greed from tax theft, spoils system, grafts, etc.

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Urban Problems

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Horse manure piled up on the streets, sewage flowed through open gutters, and factories spewed foul smoke in to the air. Without dependable trash collection, people dumped their garbage on the streets. The task of providing hygienic living conditions was an ongoing challenge for urban leaders.

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"New Immigrants"

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25% were poor immigrants, unskilled laborers, from southeast Europe; "birds of passage"

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Ellis Island vs. Angel Island

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Ellis Island was an immigration port in NY and Angel Island was in San Francisco. Ellis Island was the more welcoming place of European immigration and Angel Island was less welcoming to the immigration of mostly Asian and Chinese.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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1882, placed a ban on all Chinese immigrants; hostility mainly came from the western states.

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Marshall Field

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Created one of the first American department stores in Chicago

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White Collar Jobs

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Jobs that don't require manual labor

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Social Darwinism

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A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "surival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

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Henry George

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wrote Progress and Poverty, which told readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics (attention to wealth inequalities) and proposed to solve poverty by replacing all taxes w/ a single land tax

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The Social Gospel

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Organized religions (ei. Catholic and Protestant) depended on the adaptation; immigrants recieved support from caretaker Gibbons leading to the formation of the Salvation Army and M.B. Eddy's Christian Science.

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Jane Addams/Hull (settlemet) House

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Helped immigrants settle mentally and physically helping them get jobs and get public service; this lead to social work and social sciences.

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Assimilationist Polies re Idians (Dawes Act)

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Broke up tribes by relocating them to plots for 25 years so they can be civilized. Disease decreased the population; the population of 200,000 was organized into wards by the federal gov.

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(Oklahoma Land Rush)

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U.S. Census Bureau declared Oklahoma Territory afterwards

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Conflict Over Land with Mexican Americans

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U.S. closes its border and takes the rest of the south west states from Mexico

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American Indian Tribal Identies

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Pueblo groups in New Mexico and Arizona included the Hopi and Zuni who farmed corn and raised livestock. Navajo and Apache were nomadic hunter-gatherers of the Southwest who developed are more settled way of life doing crafts and raising crops.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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1896 court case that ruled in favor of segregation. Declared "separate, but equal" is constitutional and led to Jim Crow laws being passed-especially in the South.

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Womens' Christian Temperance Union

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WCTU All-women organization founded in 1874 to advocate for total abstinence from alcohol. The WCTU provided important political training for women (helped suffrage movement)

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African American Challenge to Place (Ida Wells)

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Ida B Wells advocated for the confrontation of Jim Crow

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Booker T. Washington

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Advocated racial harmony and economic cooperation between blacks and white, however, supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. Founded Tuskegee institute

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Populists

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People who hold liberal views on economic matters and conservative ones on social matters. The prefer a strong government that will reduce economic inequality, regulate businesses, and impose strincter social and criminal sanctions

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Conservation

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Movement to begin preserving natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land; preserved Yosemite Valley & Yellowstone becomes the 1st national park. This lead to the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and holidays like Arbor Day, Audubon Society, and Sierra Club founded by John Muir.

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1896 Election

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One of the most emotional elections that marked a new era in politics & was a major realigning election. William McKinley defeated Jennings Bryan. More money than ever was raised to spend on elections. This was the golden age of newspaper. Jennings Bryan was an excellent orator who changed communication.

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