Chapter 1: The Science of Biology – Flashcards
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Science
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an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
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-Provide natural explanations for natural events -Use these explanations to understand patterns in nature -Make useful predictions about natural events
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the goals of science
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-Observing and asking questions -Making inferences and forming hypothesis -Conducting controlled experiments -Collecting and analyzing data -Forming a conclusion
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the procedures involved in doing Science
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observation
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using your senses to gather information
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inference
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a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
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hypothesis
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a possible explanation or answer (formal)
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data
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important information related to the experiment
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Quantitative data Qualitative data
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two types of data
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Quantitative data
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numbers obtained by counting or measuring (quantity)
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Qualitative data
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descriptive and not easily counted data (quality)
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Observation
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noticing and describing events and processes in a careful, orderly way
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error
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large samples and proper equipment help to reduce...
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Control Groups
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used as a standard of comparison to all experimental groups to determine the effects of the IV
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No Treatment Control
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Control group that doesn't receive any treatment
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Experimenter Selected Control
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the group used as the control is purposely selected by the experiment
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Experimental Group
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group that gets the IV (independent variable) this is where the test takes place
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Variables
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factors that can have an impact on the experiment
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Independent Variable
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the factor that is tested the "manipulated variable" only one is used in the experiment comes directly from the hypothesis
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Dependent Variable
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the factor that is measured and responds to or changes because of the IV the "responding variable"
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Constants
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the factors that are kept the same in an experiment
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Measurements
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need a number and a unit the metric system length, width, height, time, temperature, counting, etc.
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Repeated Trials
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the number of times each level of the IV (independent variable) is tested
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error
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relying on averages in measuring reduces...
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Graphing Data
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line, pie, or bar graphs to visualize your data
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Line Graphs (Scatter)
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graph that shows changes over time and can compare two or more groups
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Y-axis
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the axis in a line graph used for measurement
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X-axis
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the axis in a line graph used for time or subject
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Pie graph
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graph that shows percentages
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Bar Graph
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graph that compares several trials or groups
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Scientific attitudes
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habits of mind that lead to exploration and discovery
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curiosity
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scientific attitude where you observe and question things in nature
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skepticism
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scientific attitude where you challenge others to produce evidence to support their claims
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creativity
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scientific attitude when you are trying to design an experiment to test a hypothesis
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open-mindedness
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scientific attitude where you listen to others in order to get new ideas
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discoveries in one field of science can lead to new technologies and new technologies often expand scientific knowledge
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The Role of Technology
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practical problems
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human problems in society
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Peer Review
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Allows researchers to share ideas, and to test and evaluate each other's work Ensures that all experiments are done correctly without bias or fraud Can lead to new questions and experiments
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articles
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highly advanced lab reports that include: detailed procedures, data tables and graphs, detailed analysis of data and conclusions
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scientific theories
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a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesis and has been thoroughly tested
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bias
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a point of view that is personal rather than scientific
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unicellular
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made up of one cell
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multicellular
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made up of more than one cell
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made up of cells based on a universal genetic code obtain and use materials and energy grow and develop reproduce respond to their environment change over time or evolve
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7 characteristics of living things
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the smallest unit considered fully alive
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cells
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genetic code
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where organisms store complex info they need to live, grow and reproduce
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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where a genetic code is written
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metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions that break down and build substances and structures in the body
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anabolism
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building complex structures from simple substances (from metabolism)
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Catabolism
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breaking down reactions in the body (from metabolism)
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reproduce
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make new organisms of the same species
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sexual reporduction
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two cells, sperm and egg, unite to form the new organism
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asexual reproduction
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a single organism produces offspring identical to itself without the use of sex cells
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stimulus
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a change or condition in the internal or external environment
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homeostasis
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the ability to maintain a stable internal environment
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biotechnology
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field of biology based on our ability to manipulate the genetic code of different organisms
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botanists
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Field of biology in biotechnology - plant biologists that use genes to help increase yield or provide resistance
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1.8 million organisms
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# of organisms identified so far
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10-100 million to go
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estimated number of organisms yet to be identified
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paleotologists
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field of biology that studies ancient life (fossils)
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ecologists
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field of biology that studies how and why organisms interact for food, mating, etc.
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epidemiologists
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field of biology that studies how diseases affect different populations of organisms
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genetics and molecular biology
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field of biology that studies the mechanisms of heredity and DNA
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from the level of molecules up to the entire planet
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At what levels do biologists study life?
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Cellular Basis of Life Information and Heredity Matter and Energy Growth, Development, and Reproduction Homeostasis Evolution Structure and Function Unity and Diversity of Life Interdependence in Nature Science as a Way of Knowing
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the 10 Big Ideas of Biology
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heredity
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passing traits from one generation to the next
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matter
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mass + volume
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Homeostasis
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Big Idea of science: internal environments must remain stable
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Interdependence of Nature
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Big Idea of science: all organisms rely on other organisms to survive
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Evolution
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Big Idea of science: groups of organisms change over time
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Cellular Basis of Life
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Big Idea of science: living things are either unicellular or multicelluar
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Information and Heredity
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Big Idea of science: all organisms have DNA inside their cells that produces their traits
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Structure and Function
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Big Idea of science: each major group of organisms has structures that make particular functions possible
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Growth, Development, and Reproduction
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Big Idea of science: organisms get larger and change throughout their life
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Unity and Diversity
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Big Idea of science: there are millions of different organisms on Earth but they are all similar at the molecular and cellular level
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Matter and Energy
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Big Idea of science: life requires raw materials, nutrients, and energy
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Science as a Way of Knowing
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Big Idea of science: science solves the "mysteries" of nature
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development
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the process that changes an organism throughout life
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Problems in society can be fixed by scientists by providing new technology.
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Explain how "Practical Problems" can lead to new ideas or new inventions in science.
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New technologies can show us things we didn't know and pose new questions.
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Explain how new technologies can lead to new ideas in science.
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the microscope
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an example of a technology that has opened up new research in science
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The information you gather can be useful for another scientist to bring up new questions and experiments.
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Why is "Sharing Ideas" an important part of the scientific process?
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society
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the people that make sure "science" does not do things that are unethical or immoral
