question

Imagine filling in a survey questionnaire that asks you to report your achieved status(es). What would be an appropriate answer?

answer

Your occupation

question

A group that consists of two people is known as a?

answer

Dyad

question

A secondary group is an impersonal collection of individuals that is established to?

answer

Perform a specific task

question

An unintended, unrecognized consequence of an activity that helps some part of the social system is a?

answer

Latent function

question

These are the rights, privileges, and obligations associated with a particular position.

answer

A Role

question

A population whose members live in a specific geographical location, share common culture and identity, and are subject to the same political authority is referred to as a?

answer

Society

question

T/F: When we have little personal knowledge about someone, communication is only possible by following general rules or guidelines.

answer

True

question

The unemployment rate in several mill and factory towns in this country is around 37%. Which explanation for high unemployment does the sociological imagination direct us to focus on?

answer

Changes in the economic structure of society

question

In American society, the high value placed on _________ makes it more difficult for us to see social influences on our behavior.

answer

Individualism

question

When looking at religion as an influence, sociologists find that the highest rates of suicide occur:

answer

Where there is very high and low integration.

question

According to the "sociological perspective,"

answer

Our social environment strongly influences our behavior

question

Durkheim concluded that different suicide rates are related to variations in social...

answer

Ties

question

Which of the following events can be seen as products of society-wide forces, rather than individual problems?

answer

Divorce, Unemployment, and Homelessness

question

In 1999, Japan saw its unemployment rate rise to record levels. In the same year, suicides among men in their 20s increased ____________% percent.

answer

40%

question

When the stock market crashed in 1929, some businessmen reacted to this event by leaping from their office windows to their deaths. This is an example of:

answer

anomic suicide

question

The My Lai massacre was considered a(n):

answer

Crime of Obedience

question

What defines the "quality of mind" that Mills refers to as the "sociological imagination"?

answer

The ability to understand the relationship between the individual, history, and society.

question

All of the following information is included in the U.S. census except:

answer

religion

question

What we know to be true and real is most often always a product of:

answer

1. The culture in which we exist 2. The historical period in which we exist 3. Our values and norms

question

People's belief that a drug or treatment will improve their condition often actually causes their condition to improve. This phenomenon is called the _______ effect.

answer

Placebo

question

By acting on the basis of our definitions of reality, we often create the very conditions we believe exist. This is known as:

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

Sociologists who study how we know what is real and what is not, believe that reality:

answer

Is influenced by culture and social institutions

question

T/F: Phenomena are difficult to count.

answer

True

question

A researcher studies how media representations of Arabs have changed since 9/11. What research technique is she using?

answer

Content Analysis

question

Research that uses nonnumeric information such as phrases, symbols, and observations to describe people, actions, or events in social life is ________ research.

answer

Qualitative

question

A measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a particular concept is known as a(n):

answer

Indicator

question

Sociological Theories:

answer

focus on how things are, and not on how they ought to be.

question

These constrain how we act on elevators (e.g., we don't look at each other; we avoid touching each other).

answer

Folkways

question

These are punishments that follow from violating norms.

answer

Sanctions

question

______________ are individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous.

answer

Intersexuals

question

Which of the following persons did not believe in racial equality between blacks and whites?

answer

Abraham Lincoln, Charles Darwin, and George Washignton

question

Which of the following is a type of material culture?

answer

Literature

question

This is a distinguishable group within a culture.

answer

Subculture

question

The law that prohibits smoking in public buildings is an example of this.

answer

Mores

question

When would you LEAST expect to see a person follow emotional display norms?

answer

When she is grading papers in her office

question

Examples of these include getting a ticket when you run a red light and getting an F in a course for cheating.

answer

Sanctions

question

The United States is the most _________ of all countries in the world.

answer

Multicultural

question

It is through ______ that we learn the values and orientations of the statuses we will likely enter in the future.

answer

Anticipatory Socialization

question

Linda is a physician married to Bob, an attorney. They raise their daughter Lauren to be self-directed and think independently. Marge and Harold are factory workers. They raise their son Arnold to obey orders, show up on time, and respect authority. These are two examples of:

answer

Anticipatory Socialization

question

The psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness are known as:

answer

Gender

question

Identity is made up of?

answer

1. membership to social groups 2. the traits we display 3. the traits others ascribe to us

question

The consequences of violating gender norms are:

answer

Harsher for boys than for girls

question

This occurs when we see ourselves through the actions of others toward us.

answer

The looking-glass self

question

Perceiving, evaluating, motivating, and even talking to one's self is called:

answer

reflexive behavior

question

Which data collection method was not utilized by Jones in her study?

answer

Examination of respondents' medical records

question

This refers to the perspective of society and its constituent values and attitudes that is internalized by the individual.

answer

The generalized other

question

According to the text, about _________% of American adults attend religious services regularly.

answer

45%

question

According to the textbook, what is embarrassment?

answer

The feeling that is experienced when one's preferred identity is discredited in front of others

question

A recent graduate on a job interview tells the interviewer, "Did I mention that I was the president of the Chess Club?" This is an example of:

answer

impression management

question

Research shows that most people believe physically attractive people are:

answer

sensitive and kind

question

During therapy sessions, a psychiatrist appears extremely interested in everything the patients are saying and shows considerable sympathy for their problems. According to Goffman, this occurs because the psychiatrist is:

answer

on the front stage

question

According to the textbook, what is impression management?

answer

Presenting a favorable image of one's self so that others will form positive judgments

question

Areas with high concentrations of low-income and minority residents often do not have large national chain grocery stores that carry a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables. What they have instead are local markets, conveience stores, and fast food outlets, which tend to offer less nutritious choices and charge higher prices for the few healthy items they carry. These areas are often referred to as ______.

answer

"food deserts"

question

Middle-class blacks who attempt to blur distinctions between themselves and whites by emphasizing shared experiences and areas of consensus are engaging in:

answer

inclusionary boundary work

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Goffman's three types of stigma?

answer

Being labeled as deviant

question

In Niger and Nigeria, overweight women are considered to be:

answer

beautiful and healthy

question

According to the dramaturgical perspective, it is important for individual performers and performance teams to be able to go back stage. Which of the following statements about back stage is untrue?

answer

It is a place where audience members should feel welcome.

question

Nonmaterial culture

answer

Knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members if a society and that distinguish the society from others.

question

Mores

answer

Highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when violated.

question

Material Culture

answer

Artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical environment.

question

Folkway

answer

Informal norm that is mildly punished when violated.

question

Counterculture

answer

Group that actively opposes the values and behavior patterns of the dominant culture

question

Unobtrusive research

answer

research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind.

question

Social Construction of reality

answer

Process through which the members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and "truth".

question

quantitative research

answer

Sociological research based on the collection of numeric data that uses precise statistical analysis

question

qualitative research

answer

sociological research based on nonnumeric information (text, written words, phrases, symbols, observations) that describes peoples actions, or events in social life.

question

field research

answer

type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occurred.

question

experiment

answer

research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances.

question

Symbolic interactionism

answer

theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure through a examination of the micro level, personal, day-to-day exchanges of people as individuals, pairs, or groups.

question

Structural-functionalism

answer

Theoretical perspective that posits that social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society

question

status

answer

any named social position that people can occupy

question

role

answer

set of expectations-rights, obligations, behaviors, and duties associated with a particular status

question

sociology

answer

systematic study of human societies

question

The sociological imagination

answer

ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives

question

fatalistic suicide

answer

type of suicide that occurs when people see no possible way to improve their oppressive circumstances

question

anomic suicide

answer

type of suicide that occurs when the structure of society is weakened or disrupted and people feel hopeless and disillusioned.

question

altruistic suicide

answer

type of suicide that occurs where ties to the group or community are considered more important than individual identity

question

egoistic suicide

answer

type of suicide that occurs in settings where the individual is emphasized over group or community connections.

question

social institution

answer

stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations-such as the institutions of educations, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy-that provides a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life.

question

stigma

answer

deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior.

question

sanction

answer

social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm.

question

subculture

answer

values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture

question

anticipatory socialization

answer

process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future.

question

resocialization

answer

process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one.

question

total institution

answer

place where individuals are cut off from the wide society for an appreciable period where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life.

question

account

answer

statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred.

question

back stage

answer

area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior.

question

front stage

answer

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions.

question

disclaimer

answer

assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur.

question

impression management

answer

act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments.

question

Communication norms

answer

Norms that apply to how we communicate ex: do you use big vocabulary

question

Conflict theory

answer

Sees things as a competition. Life is a competition, your success leads to despair for others

question

3 main sociological functions

answer

1. structural-functionalism 2. conflict theory 3. symbolic interactionism

question

Gender socialization

answer

how society determines our gender ex: girls wear pink boys wear blue

question

4 Types of Suicide

answer

Fatalistic Altruistic Anomic Egoistic

question

The family, politics and law, religion, and health care are all examples of this.

answer

Institution

question

Examples of this are teacher, mayor, and spouse. Male and senior citizen are not.

answer

Achieved Status

question

A standard of judgment by which people in a given society decide on desirable goals is:

answer

a value

question

What is an example of an achieved status?

answer

actress

question

This contains both "social statics" and "social dynamics."

answer

Society

question

The Williams Family is an example of a?

answer

Primary Group

question

The lifestyles of people in different societies are becoming more similar over time because of:

answer

globalization

question

A researcher designs an experiment in which a scientist in a lab coat will tell subjects that they must perform a series of uncomfortable and tiring tasks. Based on your knowledge of Milgram's shock experiments, what outcome would you predict?

answer

Most subjects will comply

question

Situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a particular role provide examples of:

answer

role strain

question

A variable that is caused by or influenced by another variable is called a(n):

answer

dependent variable

question

Sociological research is _________ because it is able to claim only that, under certain conditions, X is likely to cause Y in most people.

answer

Probablistic

question

Research samples that are not representative of the population are problematic in that:

answer

1. They can lead to inaccurate and misleading conclusions 2. They will not capture the variation that exists in the population. 3. Findings cannot be generalized to the larger population.

question

__________ research, sociologists observe events as they actually occur.

answer

Field

question

Social control theory, which predicts that delinquent acts occur when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken, was developed by:

answer

Travis Hirschi

question

In this mode, researchers may participate in groups with the people they are observing.

answer

Field

question

In 1983, 50 companies controlled over half of all U.S. media outlets. By 2000, over half of the media outlets in the United States were controlled by __________ companies.

answer

6

question

Which of the following is a euphemism?

answer

A badly behaved child is "challenging"

question

A researcher studies wills and estate property lists from the American colonies to assess the extent of gun ownership. What research technique is she using?

answer

Historical Analysis

question

In _____, the society's well-being is gauged not only by economic indicators, but also by the happiness of its people.

answer

Bhutan

question

In France, doctors are more likely to prescribe ______________ to bolster the body than antibiotics to fight germs.

answer

Vitamins

question

What is the sociological point of Miner's article?

answer

Bathing and excretory acts take place in the privacy of the household shrine.

question

In American society, picking one's own nose is a _________ violation, but punching someone else's nose is a ________ violation.

answer

Folkway; mores

question

Sound sociological research helps us:

answer

Understand different points of view

question

A Chinese immigrant in New York murdered his wife after she admitted to having an affair with another man. He was convicted of a lesser charge, instead of murder. In Chinese culture, a wife's adultery reflects poorly on the husband, his ancestors, and future generations of his family. The judge in this case based his decision on:

answer

The Values of Chinese Culture

question

In the United States, about __________% of sexually ambiguous newborns who are "assigned" a sex and undergo surgery become female.

answer

90%

question

Which of the following is a type of norm that is usually regulated and negatively sanctioned by society if broken?

answer

Mores

question

In contemporary industrial societies, the most powerful institutional agent of socialization, after the family, is:

answer

education

question

In which sort of institution are previous identities shed and new, uniform identities acquired?

answer

Total institution

question

While working on a sociology paper, Joan typed this note to herself: "Joan, you're wasting time. This paper is due tomorrow! Get back to work!" This is an example of:

answer

Reflexive behavior

question

The gender socialization process begins:

answer

The moment a child is born

question

All of the following outcomes resulted from Mr. & Mrs. Smith's decision to pay Teresa's school tuition except:

answer

Teresa could take French

question

Which of the following is an example of paternalism?

answer

Mr. and Mrs. Smith paying for Teresa's tuition instead of paying Carmen's salary

question

The ___________ step in the acquisition of self is learning to distinguish our own faces and bodies from the rest of the physical environment.

answer

first

question

Of the 1,600 religions and denominations in the United States today, _________ were founded after 1965.

answer

half

question

What is the usual cause of a "spoiled identity"?

answer

An attempt at impression management failed

question

Which of the following is an example of "collective" impression management?

answer

The royal family of England appears at a state funeral.

question

According to Ubel's study of "elevator talk" among hospital staff, a comment such as "I can't wait to get out of here and into private practice" would be an example of:

answer

Unprofessional remarks and motivations

question

Language, mannerisms, and clothing are examples of:

answer

cultural capital

question

After waiting on a rude customer, Dina complains to another server in the dining room. The manager overhears this, and warns Dina not to do it again. What was Dina's offense?

answer

Back stage behavior on the front stage

question

A person whose body weight is greater than that acceptable according to cultural standards will most likely be:

answer

evaluated negatively by others

question

According to the textbook, what is a disclaimer?

answer

A statement designed to explain embarrassing or unacceptable behavior before the behavior has occurred

question

According to Ubel's study of "elevator talk" among hospital staff, a comment such as "I just don't think Doctor Blue is very qualified" would be an example of:

answer

comments raising questions about quality of patient care

question

According to Goffman, everyday life is a series of social interactions in which people are motivated to:

answer

"sell" a preferred identity to others

question

At home, a psychiatrist complains to his family that listening to his patients talking about their problems is boring. According to Goffman, this occurs because the psychiatrist is:

answer

backstage

question

latent

answer

unintended functions

question

manifest

answer

intended functions

question

Macrolevel

answer

A society influences its members

question

Microlevel

answer

Each individual has a role in forming a society

question

self

answer

the unique set of traits, behaviors, and attributes that distinguishes one person from another

question

passive

answer

how others see you

question

active

answer

how you behave and act

Sociology 110 Mid-Term – Flashcards

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