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Human cultures down to the fourth millennium B.C.E are referred to as belonging to the Stone Age, because they:

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Made most of their tools out of stone

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The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production:

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Was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible

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Agricultural surpluses and permanent settlements allowed for the unequal accumulation of the wealth and thus the emergence of:

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Social growth since not to all the labor was focused on the land and cultivation of more again

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One of the earliest civilizations, Sumer, flourished in what the Greeks called Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day:

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Iraq

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Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes circa 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that:

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Produced wedge-like called cuneiform

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The Epic of Gilgamesh:

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Relates the adventures of the King of Uruk in ancient Sumer

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Shortly before 3000 B.C.E., people in the Near East discovered that bronze could be produced by:

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Combining copper metal with arsenic or tin

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The penalties in Hammurabi's Law Code:

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Had most of its laws aimed at free commers

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Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into ______________________ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics and culture:

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kingdoms and periods

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The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was:

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The old writing system in the world

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The important administrator of the pharaoh Djoser who initiated pyramids building in the "step" style was:

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Imhotep

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The great Pyramids of Giza, built in the Fourth Dynasty, were:

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Constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves.

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Before entering an enjoyable afterlife, the deceased Egyptian supposedly:

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Would be judged by Osiris and other divine judges

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Ma'at:

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The Egyptian concept of Ma'at any ideas of harmony, order, justice and truth

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Which period saw Egypt expand its borders, abandon its isolationism, and change its ideal of pharaoh a god to a "good shepherd"?:

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The middle kingdom

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During the first millennium B.C.E.:

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Iron slowly replaces bronze as the primary component of tools and weapons

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"Indo-European," as used in historical or anthropological texts, refers to:

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Linguistic and cultural patterns found in India, the Near East, Europe, and perhaps the Far East

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The people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E. and built a powerful, militaristic kingdom there over the next four hundred years are known as the:

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Hitities

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During the Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 B.C.E.) in the ancient Near East, the two great imperial powers were:

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New kingdom Egypt and the Hittite empire

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The New Kingdom, particularly the Eighteenth Dynasty, was marked by:

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The peak of Egyptian cultural achievement and political and military power.

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As part of this his religious reform, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and:

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Founded a new capital called Akhetaten

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The system of writing developed by the citizens of Ugarit:

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Used an alphabet of about thirty symbols for the consonants

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Heinrich Schliemann and Sir Arthur Evans:

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Were archaeologists who dug up Troy, Mycenae, and Knossos

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The Minoans:

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Civilizations has long been considered Europe's first great Bronze Age society

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The Phoenicians are also known as the:

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Cannanites

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The Assyrian king:

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Also served as chief priest of the Assyrian religion

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Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E.):

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Allowed self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples

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The accomplishments of King Darius of Persia included:

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Building roads for transport and postal service

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The followers of Zoroastrianism believed in:

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Ahura-Mazda (truth/light) struggling with Ahriman (evil/darkness)

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Due to a period of captivity in Babylon, ancient Hebrews:

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The Chaldeans

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The Greeks referred to same people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they:

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Did not speak Greek

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Hubris is ______________________, which was punished by the gods:

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excessive pride

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The Greeks became literate again during the ninth century B.C.E. by adopting:

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The Phoenician alphabet

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The Greek polis was:

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A collective group or community organized around a city

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By the sixth century B.C.E., the Greeks founded numerous colonies around the Mediterranean basin. The most historically significant colonies were located in:

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Anatolia and Italy

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After hoplites were introduced in Greece:

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The aristocrats lot their monopoly on military prowess

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A Greek aristocrat who seized power and ruled outside the traditional constitutional framework was called a:

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A tyrant

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Democracy originated in Greece from the idea of the demos, which literally means:

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Neighborhood

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The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat:

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Solon

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Cleisthenes is important in the history of Athenian government because he:

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Championed the cause of the demos and took steps to limit the power of the aristocrats.

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Which sentence best describes the structures of the Spartan government circa 600 B.C.E.?

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Sparta was ruled by citizen assembly, a council of elders, and two kings

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During the Persian invasions of Greece in 480 B.C.E., Themistocles persuaded his fellow Athenians to:

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Abandon the city of Athenians and let the Persian burn it

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The Delian League became a policy tool of which Greek polis?:

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Island of Delos in the Aegean against Persians

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According to the historian Thucydides, the Peloponnesian War began:

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Because of the growing power of Athens, and the fear and envy inspired in Sparta

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Socrates' most important pupil was:

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Plato

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Why didn't Sparta benefit more from its victory in the Peloponnesian War?:

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It alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them

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During the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.) Sparta fought against:

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An Alliance comprised of Athens, Argos, Corinth, and Thebes

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Hellenistic sculpture is best described as:

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Realistic and alive

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As outlined in the Republic, Plato's ideal form of government is best described as a (n):

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Meritocracy

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Aristotle argued that good conduct is virtuous conduct and that virtue resides in aiming to:

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For the golden mean

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Philip II of Macedon's early success had much to do with his:

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Reorganization of the Macedonian army

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The leading political figure urging Greek resistance to Macedonian expansionism under Philip II was:

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Demosthenes

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Alexander was aided in his conquest of Egypt by:

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His being proclaimed as the "son of Amun" by the sun god's oracle

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Although he died in ___________, Alexander was buried at __________________. :

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Babylon / Memphis, Egypt

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All of the male rulers of Macedonian Egypt took the name:

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Ptolemy

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The most important cultural center in the Hellenistic world was:

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Alexandria

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To highlight their authority and status in the former Persian Empire, Seleucid rulers:

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Used terms in proclamations reminiscent of earlier Mesopotamian rulers

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Central to the Skeptical worldwide is the idea that:

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That one must suspend judgment concerning everything

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Hellenistic cosmopolitanism differed from Persian and Roman cosmopolitanism because it:

answer

Was cultural rather than linked directly to a particular imperial power.

Mid Term Humanities: Democracy in Greece, Cleisthenes and Athenian Government – Flashcards

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