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consciousness

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our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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cognitive neuroscience

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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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dual processing

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the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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selective attention

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the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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inattentional blindness

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failing to see visibile objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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change blindness

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failing to notice changes in the environment

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REM sleep

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rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

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alpha waves

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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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sleep

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periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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delta waves

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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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circadian rhythm

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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

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insomnia

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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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narcolepsy

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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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sleep apnea

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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

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night terrors

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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares these occur during stage 4 of sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

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dream

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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities and incongruities and for the delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

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manifest content

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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

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latent content

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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

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REM rebound

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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

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memory

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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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encoding

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the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning

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storage

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the retention of encoding information over time

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retrieval

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the process of getting information out of the memory storage

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sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short-term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phones number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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long-term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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working memory

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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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automatic processing

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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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visual encoding

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the encoding of picture images

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acoustic encoding

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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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semantic encoding

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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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imagery

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mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding

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mnemonics

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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than an few tenths of a second

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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long-term potentiation

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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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amnesia

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the loss of memory

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implicit memory

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retention independent of conscious recollection

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explicit memory

answer

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

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hippocampus

answer

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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three sins of forgetting

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absent mindedness, transience, blocking

question

absent mindedness

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inattention to details leads to encoding failure

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transience

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storage decay over time

question

blocking

answer

inaccessibility of stored information

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three sins of distortion

answer

misattribution, suggestibility, bias

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misattribution

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confusion the source of information

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suggestibility

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the lingering effects of misinformation

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bias

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belief colored recollection

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one sin of intrusion

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persistence

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persistence

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unwanted memories

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

question

repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, and feelings, and memories

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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source amnesia

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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

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REM rebound involves the

answer

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

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While soundly asleep people cannot

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learn tape-recorded messages to which they are repeatedly exposed

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the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

answer

90 minutes

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forty-year-old lance insists that he never dreams. research suggests that he probably

answer

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

question

people who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. the fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ___ theory of dreaming

answer

information processing

question

compared to when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-old

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spend less time in deep sleep

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The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

answer

slow-wave sleep

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although her eyes are closed, Adele's brain is generating bursts of electrical activity. it is likely that Adele is

answer

in REM sleep

question

Shown the hollow face illusion, people will mistakenly perceive the inside of a mask as a protruding face. yet, they will accurately reach into the inverted mask to flick off a buglike target stuck on the face. This best illustrates the capacity for

answer

dual processing

question

you typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates

answer

selective attention

question

selective attention is most accurately defined as

answer

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

question

brain damage left one woman unable to recognize the width of a block even though she could grasp it with just the right finger-thumb distance. this unusual case illustrates the importance of our normal capacity for

answer

dual processing

question

while a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The students failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption.

answer

change blindness

question

which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the cortical activation patterns associated with a person's perception of different objects

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

the process of getting information into memory is called

answer

encoding

question

memory is best defined as

answer

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

question

a modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

answer

connectionism

question

some information in out fleeting ____ is encoded into short-term memory

answer

sensory memory

question

stress hormones promote stronger memories by

answer

increasing the availability of epinephrine

question

brad, who suffered accidental damage to the left side of his hippocampus, has trouble remembering

answer

verbal information

question

karl lashley trained rats to solve a mze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. he observed that storage of their maze memories

answer

was not restricted to specific regions of cortex

question

sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our___memory

answer

echoic

question

ebbighaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

answer

rehearsal

question

which of the following questions about word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test?

answer

how well does the word describe you?

question

wei dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included ship, effort, professor, and inquire. he later recalled these words as boat, work, teacher, and question. this suggests that the four original words had been encoded

answer

semantically

question

the effortful processing of information

answer

can become automatic through practice

question

sigmund freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

answer

retrieval failure

question

people with vivd imaginations are more likely than other to experience

answer

false memory

question

The famous Ebbighaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

answer

how long ago we learned that information

question

memory is best defined as

answer

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

question

a modern information processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

answer

connectionism

question

to recognize the active information processing that occurs in short term memory, researchers have characterized it as ___ memory

answer

working

question

some information is our fleeting __ is encoded into short term memory

answer

sensort memory

question

one effect of long term potentiation is that

answer

a receiving neuron receptor sites are increased

question

excitement or stress triggers our glands to produce stress hormones. this is most likely to facilitate

answer

long term potentiation

question

memory for skills is called

answer

implicit memory

question

some of the information in our ___ memory is encoded into __ memory

answer

iconic; short term

question

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term serial position effect. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the ninth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incident

answer

automatic processing

question

We remember words that lend themselves to clear and distinct mental images better than we remember abstract low-imagery words. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the processes of understanding and memory.

answer

visual encoding

question

the use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

answer

chunking

question

which type of word processing visual, acoustic, or semantic results in the greatest retention

answer

semantic

question

people with vivd imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n)

answer

false memory

question

Being asked to explain why an observed stranger is feeling angry influences people's perceptual memories of the stranger's facial expression. This best illustrates the dynamics of

answer

memory construction

question

repression most clearly involves a failure in

answer

retrieval

question

who was the american philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology

answer

james

question

concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, marilynn makes all of the following points except

answer

slow wave sleep proveds a "psychic safety valve" for stressful waking experiences

question

our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of

answer

the circadian rhythm

question

fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

answer

REM sleep

question

compared with adults, children are

answer

more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking

question

which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessations of breathing while asleep

answer

sleep apnea

question

which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep

answer

genital arousal

question

narcolepsy is a disorder involving

answer

periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

question

during a heated argument with his teenage daughter, mr. reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. reid apparently suffers from

answer

narcolepsy

question

the ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

answer

the cocktail party effect

question

you typically fail to consciously perceive that you own nose is in your line of vision. this best illustrates

answer

selective attention

question

ohio state university pedestrians were more likely to corss streets unsafely if they were talking on a cellphone. this best illstrates the impact of

answer

selective attention

question

behaviorism encouraged psychologists to ignore the study of

answer

consciousness

question

the perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attnetion is directed elsewhere is

answer

inattentional blindness

question

the simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious is called

answer

dual processing

question

the pop out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger

answer

selective attention

question

chronic sleep deprivation is likely to

answer

promote obesity and impair memory

question

research on sleep patterns indicates that

answer

sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

question

which of the following is characteristi of REM sleep

answer

genital arousal

question

40 year old lance insists taht he never dreams. research suggest that he probably

answer

wouuld report 100% a vivd dream if he were awakened in REM sleep

question

according to the activation synthesis theory, dreaming represents

answer

the brains effort to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity

question

the rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called

answer

sleep spindles

question

which of the following disorders is chracerized by the temporary cessations of breathing while sasleep

answer

sleep apnea

question

the pop out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger

answer

selective attention

question

a large amount of our mental activity occurs outside our awareness thanks to your capacity for

answer

dual processing

question

when jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's filure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates

answer

change blindness

question

concluding his presentaion on levels of inofrmation processing, muguel states that

answer

conscious processing is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel

question

unconscious unofrmation processing is more likely than conscous processing to

answer

occur simultaneosly on several tracks

Psych Modules 7, 8, 26, 27, 28, 30 – Flashcards

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