Chapter 10 introduction to organic chemistry – Flashcards
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aliphatic hydrocarbon
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alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
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alkane
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alkyl group
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are alkanes with one fewer hydrogen atom
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alkyl halide
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products of substitution reaction, very useful reactants for the synthesis of other organic compounds
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aromatic hydrocarbon
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contain a benzene ring or a derivative of the benzene ring
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axial atom
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lie above or below the ring
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boat conformation
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six member rings can also exist in a boat conformation, because it resembles a rowboat. this form is much less stable than the chair conformation because the hydrogen atoms are not perfectly staggered
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chair conformation
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most energetically favorable conformation for a six-member ring
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cis-trans isomer
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consequence of the absence of free rotation
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combustion
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alkanes, cycloalkanes, and other hydrocarbons can be oxidized (by burning) in the presence of excess molecular oxygen. they burn at high temperatures, producing carbon dioxide and water and releasing large amounts of energy as heat
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condensed formula
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shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order that indicates with atoms are bonded to which
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conformations
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free rotation around a carbon carbon single bond, exist in an unlimited number of forms
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conformers
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free rotation around a carbon carbon single bond, exist in an unlimited number of forms
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constitutional isomers
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unique compounds because of their structural differences,and they have different physical and chemical properties
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cycloalkane
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are a family having carbon single bonds in a ring structure
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equatorial atom
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lie roughly in the plane of the ring
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functional group
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an atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way that is primary responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which it is found
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geometric isomers
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halogenation
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alkanes and cycloalkanes react with a halogen ( usually chlorine or bromine )
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hydrocarbon
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molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen
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I.U.P.A.C. nomenclature system
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organization responsible for establishing and maintaining a standard, universal system for naming organic compounds
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line formula
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simplest representation of a molecule is the line formula
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molecular formula
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tells the kind and number of each type of atom in a molecule, but does not show the bonding pattern
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parent compound
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longest continuous carbon chain in the compound
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primary (1 degree) carbon
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carbon is directly bonded to one other carbon
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Quaternary (4 degree) carbon
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carbon is four
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saturated hydrocarbon
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contain only carbon and hydrogen and have only carbon to hydrogen and carbon to carbon single bonds
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secondary (2 degree) carbon
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carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms
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stereo-isomers
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are molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different arrangements of atoms in space
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structural formula
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structural isomer
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substituted hydrocarbon
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one in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
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hydrocarbon
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molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen
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substituted reaction
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reaction that results in the replacement of one group for another
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tertiary ( 3 degree) carbon
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carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms
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unsaturated hydrocarbon
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contain at least one carbon to carbon double or triple bond
