Bio midterm chapters 1-4 – Flashcards
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What are the levels of organization: from atoms to biosphere?
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Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Multi-celled Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
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What are the 7 characteristics of living things?
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Complex organization Response to stimuli Maintain relatively constant internal conditions thorough homeostasis Acquire and use materials and energy Grow Reproduce themselves Have the capacity to evolve as a whole
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How are scientific names written?
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genus and species Ex: Homo sapiens (Italicized)
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What are the 3 domains?
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (BAE)
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What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?
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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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What is bacteria?
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single celled organisms, prokaryotic (no nucleus), most ancient lineage
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What is archaea?
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single-celled organisms, prokaryotic, evolutionary closer to Eukaryotes
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What is a eukaryote?
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cells with nucleus, single celled (plants, fungi, and animals) and mutilated species (Protist)
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Prokaryotic organisms
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single celled, do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, smaller and less complex
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Scientific method
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the basis for scientific inquiry
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What are the scientific method steps?
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observation, hypothesis, experiment, variables vs. controls, conclusion
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Biology
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the scientific study of life
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Atom
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smallest unit of matter
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Cells
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the smallest unit of living organisms; contain a) genes b) organelles and c) plasma membrane
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Biosphere
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all regions of Earth's water, crust, and atmosphere that holds organisms
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Energy
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the capacity to do work
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Metabolism
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Reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce
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Homeostasis
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maintain relatively constant internal conditions
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Producers
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make their own food
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Consumer
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depend on energy stored in tissues of producers
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Decomposer
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Break down remains and wastes
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Unicellular
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A single celled organism
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muilticellular
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organisms made up of two or more cells
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heterophroph
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require energy and nutrient from other organism
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Autotraph
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feed themselves; photosynthetic organisms
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Hypothesis
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tentative, unproven explanation of an observation
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Variables
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Aspects of the experiment that can be changed or held constant.
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Control
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All variables held constant.
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Principle
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Useful generalization derived from experimental data.
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Thorey
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Group of related principles
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What are the common elements in living organisms?
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Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
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What does the atomic nucleus include?
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Protons and Neutrons
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Whats the purpose of electrons?
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orbit the atomic nucleous
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Chemical bonds
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hold atoms together; gain, loss, sharing of electrons
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Ionic bond
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Gain or loss of electrons, Forms when electrons in outermost orbital are completely removed from one atom and transferred to another atom.
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Covelent bond
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forms when two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons
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hydrogen bond
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between polar molecules, result of attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules.
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Chemical reactions
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the making and breaking of chemical bonds
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polar covalent bonds
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electrons are shared unequally
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nonpolar covalent bond
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electrons are shared equally
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Ions
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formed when molecules gain or lose electrons
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Cohesion
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Water molecules sticking to each other.
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surface tension
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surface of water is resistant to being broken
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Adhesion
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water molecules stick to polar surface
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H2O
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Chemical formula for water
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H+ ions
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hydrogen ions
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OH-
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hydroxide ion
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universal solvent
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Dissolves into anything (Water).
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Acidic solutions
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more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions (release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
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basic solution
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contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions (Compounds that release negatively charge hydroxyl ion when dissolved in water)
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Acid
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pH less than 7
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Base
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pH greater than 7
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Elements
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elements are fundamental substances that consist of only one kind of atom
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atomic number
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number of protons and number of electrons
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mass number
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number of protons + number of neutrons
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Isotope
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Form of an element that varies in its atomic weight (Varying number of neutrons)
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radioactive isotope
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are unstable and spontaneously split into smaller parts
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Hydrophilic (water-loving) molecules
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attraction to water (ions and polar molecules)
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Hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules
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no attraction to water (do not dissolve; fats and oils)
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Buffer
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helps maintain a solution at a relatively constant pH
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CH4
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methane
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C2H6
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Ethane
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C2H4
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ethylene
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Each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a
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tetrahedral shape
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Isomers
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Two molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures and properties
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Structural isomers
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have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
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Cis-trans isomers
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have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements
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Enantiomers
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isomers that are mirror images of each other
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Functional groups
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are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
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The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
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Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group
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Organic
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a carbon + some hydrogen
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Organic chemistry
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is the study of compounds that contain carbon
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Hydrocarbons
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are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
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ATP consists of
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an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
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The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
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Hydrogen bond
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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The four emergent properties of water that are important for life are:
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Cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, and solvent properties
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What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentration of 10^-12 M?
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pH 2
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An atom with a positive charge has
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more protons then electrons
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The second electron shell of an atom an hold maximum of how many electrons?
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8
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How many electrons can fit in the first electron shell?
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2
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What level are rocks a component of?
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the biosphere
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the flow of energy among living organisms is best characterized as
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one way
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what member of domain is evolutionary closer to eukaryotes?
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Archaea
