Mastering Biology organic chemistry – Flashcards
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functional group
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group of atoms that replaces hydrogen in an organic compound hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, aldehyde, ketone, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate
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hydroxyl
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OH
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carboxyl
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COOH
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amino
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NH2
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aldehyde
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COH
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ketone
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CO
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sulfydryl
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SH
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methyl
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CH3
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phosphate
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PO4
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organic molecule
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Contain carbon/hydrogen; most organic molecules important to living things are polymers
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Momomer
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Small organic molecules that can either exist separately or bonded together in long chains to form polymers
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carbon skeleton
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an arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms (basic structural component of many organic molecules)
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hydrolysis
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a reaction where a large molecule to break into smaller component parts when water is added
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hydrogen bond
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the bond between 2 hydrogen molecules
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dehydration synthesis
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a reaction where molecules are bonded together through the removal of water
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peptide bond
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a bond between amino acids where the nitogen of the amino group bonds directly to the carbon of the carboxylic acid group (polar covalent bond)
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lipid
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organic molecules that are: -insoluble in water -composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -the amount of oxygen is much less than hydrogen
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fat
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often called triglycerides (1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids), important in energy storage and insulation
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hydrocarbon
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molecules that are composed of only carbons and hydrogens
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phospholipid
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a fat that is made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
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fatty acid
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a long carbon skeleton (usually 10 or more) with a carboxylic acid group attached at one end
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amino acid
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what proteins are composed of; made of a carbon skeleton, amino group, and a carboxylic acid group
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unsaturated fatty acid
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a fatty acid that doesn't have as many hydrogens as it can possibly hold (not completely hydrogenated) (at least 1 double bond between carbons)
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saturated fatty acid
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a fatty acid that has as hydrogens as it can possibly hold (completely hydrogenated) (no double bonds)
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purine
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a nitrogenous base that can be part of the nucleotide structure made of double-ring molecules (ex: adenine, guanine)
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complex carbohydrate
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carbohydrates that consists of multiple monosaccharides
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monosaccharide
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a simple sugar by itself
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disaccharide
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2 sugars bonded together
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trisaccharide
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3 sugars bonded together
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fat
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lipid molecules composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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steroid
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complex lipids composed of 4 interlocking carbon rings
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glycerol
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a 3-carbon skeleton with 3 alcohol groups (one on each carbon
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protein
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a type of organic molecule that is made of amino acids, has a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group at one end and amino on the other and variable below
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levels of protein organization
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must have at least 3 levels: Primary: order of the amino acids Secondary: coiling/folding of the primary structure to form a helix/plated sheet held together by hydrogen bonds Tertiary: 3D Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides linked together (only the biggest proteins have a quaternary structure)
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pyrimidine
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a nitrogenous base that can be part of the nucleotide structure made of single-ring molecules (ex: cytosine, thymine, uracil)
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nucleotide
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makes up nucleic acids and is made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), and a nitogenous base
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ribose
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-a 5-carbon sugar that can be part of a nucleotide -contains one more oxygen atom then deoxyribose -part of the makeup of RNA
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deoxyribose
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-a 5-carbon sugar that can be part of a nucleotide -contains one less oxygen atom then ribose -part of the makeup of DNA
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what does a straight line connecting 2 atoms (O-H) represent?
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a pair of atoms being shared
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atoms found in proteins
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oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
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atoms found in lipids
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fat: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon phospholipid: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, phosphate
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atoms found in nucleic acids
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oxygen, phosphate, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
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atoms found in carbohydrates
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oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
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catabolic reaction
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reactions that result in the breakdown of larger organic compounds into smaller subunits (associated with hydrolysis)
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anabolic reaction
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reactions that result in the buildup of large macromolecules from smaller building blocks (associated with dehydration synthesis)
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Carbohydrates
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organic molecule, principal energy source, Structural components in cell, short-term energy storage, cell to cell recognition
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Order in which body burns energy
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Carbs, lipids, proteins (PROTEIN IS A LAST RESORT)
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Cellulose
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Structural carb in plants, "fiber", indigestible to humans (due to beta linkage)
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Starches
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Long straight chains of glucose found in plant cells, digestible by humans (alpha linkage)
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Glycogen
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"Animal starch", long branched chains of glucose in animal cells
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Glucose
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C6H12O6
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emulsifier
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molecules that are both polar and nonpolar (breaks down globules of fat into smaller droplets)
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phospholipid
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lipid; has a hydrophilic and polar head and a hydrophobic and nonpolar tail, important components of cell membranes (made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids)
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polypeptide
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a chain of molecules
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what is the significance of protein shape
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shape determines function
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DNA
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-double-stranded -nitrogen bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine -deoxyribose sugar -has a helix
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RNA
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-single-stranded -nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine. uracil, cytosine -ribose -no helix
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ATP
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-adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups -energy carrier in cells -high energy molecule -energy released by breaking last 2 phosphate bonds (unstable and easily broken) (leaved ADP and inorganic phosphate) -reformed with input of food energy
