Chapter 8 Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease – Flashcards
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Parkinson's Disease
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A progressive disorder of the nervous system involving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia and nigrostriatal pathways in the brain (Pseudoparkinsonism is a drug induced condition that resembles Parkinson's disease)
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Facts about Parkinson's Disease
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About 1 to 1.5 million American's have Parkinson's disease, the average age at onset is 60 years,
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Development of Parkinson's Disease
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Pesticide exposure, carbon monoxide poisoning, heavy metal poisoning , infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, familial inheritance
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Neurochemistry of Parkinson's Disease
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Associated with an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine, dopamine release diminishes as the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons increases
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Neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson's Disease
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Dopamine, Aminobutyric acid(GABA), Glutamate, Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Drugs used to treat Parkinson's Disease
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by the administration of pharmaceuticals, exercise, and nutritional support. The strategy is to restore the balance between dopamine (inhibitory neurotransmitter) and ACh
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Examples of Drugs
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Levodopa, Levodopa and carbidopa, Levodopa and benserazide, Tolcapone, Amantadine, Bromocriptine
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Adverse Reactions of Anti-Parkinson's Disease drugs
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Dizziness, lightheadedness, insomnia, confusion, auditory and visual hallucinations, nausea and vomiting, decreased appetite, hypotension and tachycardia
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Huntington's Disease
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A hereditary disorder, a progressive and degenerative disease of neurons that affects muscle movement, cognitive functions, and emotions. Is associated with defects in the basal ganglia, also produces excessive abnormal muscle movement
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Symptoms of Huntington's Disease
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Tremors, rhythmic oscillations or circular movements around ankles or wrists, repetitive movement, speech impairments, difficulty swallowing, facial grimaces
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Neurochemistry of Huntington's Disease
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Deficient levels of ACh and GABA lead to hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons in nigrostriatal pathways. The balance between GABA, ACh, and dopamine is upset producing the excessive muscle movement associated with Huntington's disease.
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Drugs used to treat Huntington's disease:
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MOA; decrease excessive dopaminergic activity. Tetrabenazine depletes stores of dopamine in the neuron. Phenothiazines and butyrophenones cause the blockade of dopamine receptors. Mostly Tetrabenazine and Haloperidol
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Adverse Reactions of Anti-Huntington's Disease Drugs
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Sedation, hypotension, dizziness, depression, confusion, weight gain, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention
