question

electronegativity

answer

attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

question

hydrogen bond

answer

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative ion (occurs between water molecules)

question

polar molecule

answer

the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges

question

cohesion

answer

bydrogen bonds hold substances together; attraction between molecules of the same substance

question

adhesion

answer

clinging of one substance to another substance

question

surface tension

answer

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

question

calorie

answer

the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1*C

question

specific heat

answer

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1*C

question

heat of vaporization

answer

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gaseous state

question

evaporative cooling

answer

occurs because the hottest molecules leave as gas and take heat with them (sweating)

question

solution

answer

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

question

solvent

answer

dissolving agent of a solution

question

solute

answer

substance dissolved in a solvent

question

aqueous solution

answer

solution in which water is the solvent

question

hydrophilic

answer

affinity for water

question

hydrophobic

answer

substances with an aversion to water

question

hydrogen ion

answer

single proton with charge of +1 H+

question

hydroxide ion

answer

a water molecule that lost a proton OH-

question

Acids

answer

substances that increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

question

bases

answer

substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

question

ph

answer

the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. acids and bases are on this scale

question

buffers

answer

substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

question

organic chemistry

answer

study of carbon compounds

question

hydrocarbons

answer

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

question

isomers

answer

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and hence different properties

question

structural isomers

answer

isomers that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

question

geometric isomers

answer

isomers that have the same covalent partnership, but they differ in spatial arrangements

question

enantiomers

answer

molecules that are mirror images of eachother

question

functional groups

answer

the components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions

question

hydroxyl group

answer

hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. -OH

question

alcohols

answer

organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups; usually end in -ol

question

carbonyl group

answer

carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond. =CO includes aldehydes and ketones

question

aldehyde

answer

if the carbonyl group is on the end of a carbon skeleton

question

ketone

answer

carbonyl group not on the end of the carbon skeleton

question

carboxyl group

answer

COOH; oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom thats also bonded to a hydroxyl group

question

carboxylic acids

answer

compounds containing carboxyl groups

question

amino group

answer

-NH2; nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton

question

amines

answer

organic compounds with amino groups

question

sulfhydryl group

answer

-SH; sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen; resembles a hydroxyl group in shape

question

thiols

answer

organic compounds containing sulfhydryls

question

phosphate group

answer

formed by the dissociation of an inorganic acid called phosphoric acid. transfers energy between organic molecules; in DNA

question

OH

answer

hydroxyl

question

CO

answer

carbonyl

question

COOH

answer

carboxyl

question

NH2

answer

amino

question

SH

answer

sulfhydryl

question

PO4

answer

phosphate

question

macromolecules

answer

large molecules; includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

question

polymer

answer

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

question

monomer

answer

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. smaller molecules

question

enzymes

answer

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

question

dehydration reaction

answer

2 molecules are covalently bonded with each other with the loss of a water molecule

question

hydrolysis

answer

a process that is the revers of dehydration synthesis; polymers are disassembled by adding water molecules

question

carbohydrates

answer

include both sugars and polymers of sugars

question

monosaccharides

answer

carbohydrates. generally have formulas that are some unit of CH2O. simple sugars. includes glucose

question

disaccharides

answer

2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

question

glycosidic linkage

answer

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

question

maltose

answer

glucose+glucose; disaccharide

question

sucrose

answer

glucose+fructose; disaccharide

question

fructose

answer

monosaccharide: combines with glucose to make sucrose

question

lactose

answer

glucose+galactose; disaccharide

question

galactose

answer

monosaccharide: combines with glucose to make lactose

question

polysaccharides

answer

macromolecules; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

question

starch

answer

a polymer of glucose monomers; sugar storage for plants. comes in amylose and amylopectin

question

glycogen

answer

the polysaccharide stored by animals; is more branched than amylopectin

question

cellulose

answer

major component of cell walls in plants; structural polysaccharide; most abundant compound on earth; is a polymer of glucose but the glycosidic linkages differ

question

chitin

answer

a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build exoskeletons

question

lipids

answer

hydrophobic molecules consisting mostly of hydrocarbon regions. includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids

question

fat

answer

a molecule assembled from glycerol and fatty acids

question

fatty acid

answer

has a long carbon skeleton; the carbon at one end is part of a carboxyl group, the rest is a hydrocarbon chain

question

triglyceride

answer

a fat composed of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol

question

saturated fatty acid

answer

fatty acid with NO double bonds between carbon atoms in the chain

question

unsaturated fatty acid

answer

fatty acid with 1 or more double bonds in the chain

question

trans fats

answer

unsaturated fats w/ trans double bonds

question

phospholipids

answer

make up cell membranes. hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

question

steroids

answer

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

question

cholesterol

answer

a crucial molecule in animals; common in cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

question

catalysts

answer

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

question

polypeptides

answer

polymers of amino acids

question

protein

answer

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure. has lots of functions

question

amino acid

answer

organic molecule possessing amino group and carboxyl group

question

peptide bond

answer

covalent bond by dehydration synthesis of amino acids

question

globular proteins

answer

roughly spherical proteins. i.e. hemoglobin

question

fibrous proteins

answer

long rope-like proteins. i.e. collagen or keratin

question

primary structure

answer

a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

question

secondary structure

answer

regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. level of protein structure. local folding

question

alpha helix

answer

delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding. in secondary structure

question

beta pleated sheet

answer

2 or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones. in secondary structure

question

tertiary structure

answer

3D shape of protein is stabilized by interactions between side chains; distant folding; disulfide bridges. level of protein structure

question

hydrophobic interaction

answer

amino acids w/ hydrophobic side chains end up in clusters at the core of a protein (out of contact with water)

question

disulfide bridges

answer

occur in tertiary protein structure; covalent bonds that form where 2 cysteine monomers w/ sulfhydryl groups are brought close together by protein folding. further reinforces the shape of a protein

question

quaternary structure

answer

level of protein structure. association of multiple polypeptides forming a functional protein

question

denaturation

answer

an alteration in pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc. that causes the chemical bonds and interactions within a protein to be destroyed causing the protein to change shape

question

gene

answer

consists of DNA; a unit of inheritance that is programmed to make polypeptides

question

nucleic acids

answer

polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides

question

deoxyribonucleic acid

answer

DNA; uses deoxyribose sugar; double helix; contains instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins

question

ribonucleic acid

answer

RNA; single strand; mRNA and tRNA. has ribose sugar

question

nucleotides

answer

monomers of polynucleotides

question

polynucleotides

answer

nucleic acid polymers

question

pyrimidines

answer

cytosine, thymine, uracil

question

purines

answer

adenine, guanine

question

double helix

answer

2 strands that spiral around eachother

question

antiparallel

answer

the 2 sugar phosphate backbones in DNA run in opposite 5'-3' directions from each other

question

CHON

answer

4 most common chemical elements of life

question

sulfur

answer

S; plays a role in amino acids. element common in living matter

question

phosphorus

answer

common element in living matter. plays a part in DNA as phosphate

IB BIOLOGY: Biochemistry Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards