question

What is a monosaccharide?

answer

The most basic units of carbohydrates. Made of 1 aldehyde and 1 ketone. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose

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Nature uses the D or L form of carbohydrates

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D

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The two kinds of monosaccharides are

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Aldoses, Ketoses

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The bonds between carbohydrate monomers are called

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Glycosidic

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Starches are polymers made exclusively from

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Glucose

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The difference between amylose and amylopectin are

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The structure (branched vs linear)

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Dietary fiber is

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Complex Carbohydrates Cellulose Divided into soluble and insoluble

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In the 2-compartment model for water in the body, water partitions into

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Intracellular and extracellular

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In the 3 compartment model for water in the body, the__________ compartment is further divided into interstitial and plasma compartments

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extracellular

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Fluid in the blood is classified specifically as _________ fluid

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extracellular

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In an ideally balanced human system water inputs would equal

answer

Water outputs

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An electrolyte is a) sugar b. fat c. charged molecule d water

answer

charged molecule

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______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid

answer

Sodium

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The hormone aldosterone regulates the concentrations of _______ and ________ in the body.

answer

Potassium ions and sodium ions

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_______ is the most common extracelluar cation, while _________ is the most abundant intracellular cation.

answer

Sodium, potassium

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The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ____ buffer system and the protein buffer system.

answer

Phosphate

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How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids?

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The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

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What is the normal pH of the blood?

answer

7.35-7.45

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What is the most significant plasma buffer?

answer

bicarbonate

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Which of these is not a consequence of vomiting? a. dehydration b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. metabolic alkalosis

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c. respiratory alkalosis

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What is the most common intracellular buffer?

answer

phosphate

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Which of the following is the product of trans-deaminiatio reactions a. urea b. NH3 c. NH4 d. Carbonic acid

answer

c. NH4

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Which of the following terms is the total of all the breakdown processes in the body?

answer

catabolism

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Amino acids that must be consumed in the diet are called

answer

essential amino acids

question

The amino acid pool is

answer

all the amino acids within the tissue and body fluids

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Select the best definition of an enzyme a. an enzyme is an amino acid that speeds up chemical reactions. b. an enzyme is a protein that is consumed in the diet and aids in chemical reactions. c. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are destroyed in the process. d. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are not destroyed in the process.

answer

d. enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions and are not destroyed in the process.

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The bond that links to amino acids together is called

answer

a peptide bond

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There are a total of __ amino acids and _______ are considered essential

answer

20;9

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The side chain on an amino acid may include which element?

answer

Sulfur

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A small chain of amino acids is called a

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peptide

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Each amino acid contains

answer

an amine group and a carboxyl group

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Proteins are necessary for which of the following? a. Muscle structure b. Immune system function c. Neurotransmitter production d. All of the above

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d. All of the above

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Which of these food groups is not considered a good source of protein? a. meat b. beans. c. milk d. fruit

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d. fruit

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What determines the three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule?

answer

The order and chemical properties of the amino acids

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The necessary coenzyme for the transamination reaction is

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Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

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Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is false? a. limiting amino acids can halt protein synthesis b. nonessential amino acids can be made through transamination c. amino acids needed for protein synthesis come from the amino acid pool d. Essential amino acids can be made through transamination

answer

d. Essential amino acids can be made through transamination

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In transamination an amine group is transferred to ________ to form a nonessential amino acid.

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a. Alpha keto acid

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The NH3 produced in muscle degradation of amino acids and other nitrogenated compounds is transported through blood to the liver using ______ as a carrier

answer

alanine

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The 3 carbon alpha ketoacid formed from the oxidative deamination of alanine is

answer

Pyruvate

question

In oxidative deamination, an amine group is removed from an amino acid (usually glutamic acid) leaving ammonia and keto acid. In this process _________ is formed which can enter the electron transport chain.

answer

NADH

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Which of the following processes is involved in using proteins as a source of energy?

answer

Keogenesis

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What biomolecule is formed at very high levels in the blood of PKU patients?

answer

phenylalanine

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T/F Protein complementation combines foods containing proteins with different limiting amino acids in order to improve the protein quality of the diet.

answer

True

question

T/F Proteins help keep fluids an pH balanced in the body

answer

True

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T/F Methionine is the only amino acid that contains sulfur.

answer

False- cysteine also does

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T/f Alanine exists as a zwitterion at a pH7

answer

True

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T/F Amino acid catabolism is increased during starvation

answer

True

question

T/F The Urea cycle is regulated by an enzyme called CPS-1

answer

True

question

T/F All amino acids are essential amino acids

answer

False

question

T/F The major excretory product of amino acid catabolism is ammonia

answer

False

question

T/F Protein synthesis is decreased during periods of growth.

answer

False- increased during periods of growth

question

Ammonia is detoxified to urea via the urea cycle in the liver

answer

True

question

Explain the major role of glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate in amino acid biosynthesis and degradation

answer

They lose or gain an amine group to generate energy and create NH4 or NADH

question

An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is called

answer

edema

question

What do we call the amino acids that human beings can synthesize?

answer

nonessential

question

How do humans obtain the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body?

answer

we eat them

question

Name two classes of protein in the body

answer

structural enzymes

question

How many common amino acids are there?

answer

20

question

Which amino acid is not chiral?

answer

Glycine

question

Name the two classification of secondary structures found in proteins

answer

alpha helix beta sheet

question

The most common monomer of carbohydrate is

answer

Glucose

question

Monosaccharides are

answer

Aldoses and ketoses

question

A disaccharide is _____ monosaccharides joined together covalently by a

answer

2; Glycosidic bond

question

Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of

answer

Glucose and fructose

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Glucose, lactose and galactose are all _____ each other, in that they all have the molecular formula C6H12O6

answer

isomers of

question

Glucose is used for a. Structure b. Energy storage c. Quick energy d. All of the above

answer

d. All of the above

question

Which carbohydrate is not digestible and provides fiber or "roughage" in humans?

answer

cellulose

question

Which carbohydrate does not come from plant sources

answer

Lactose

question

Complex carbohydrates a. include glycogen, cellulose, and starch b. consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains. c. can be energy storage molecules d. are polysaccharides. e.all of these

answer

e. all of these

question

The brain relies almost entirely on _______ for energy production

answer

glucose

question

For long-term storage, glucose is converted to _________ while for short-term storage glucose is converted to

answer

Fat, glycogen

question

Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from

answer

Glycogen

question

Which carbohydrate is formed from 2 glucose molecules?

answer

Maltose

question

Before the payoff phase of glycolysis can begin, the cell needs to invest _____ ATP

answer

2

question

The energy currency of the cell is

answer

ATP

question

Given these phases of aerobic respiration list the phases in order 1. Acetyl-coenzyme A formation 2. citric acid cycle 3. Electron-transport chain 4. Glycolysis

answer

4 Glycolysis 1 acetyl-coenzyme A formation 3 Citric Acid cycle 2 Electron transport chain

question

During glycolysis, fructose and galactose enter the liver and are phosphorylated at carbon number

answer

1

question

Anaerobic respiration produces _____________ ATPs and _____________ as a waste product

answer

2, lactic acid

question

Aerobic respiration _____________ ATPs and _____ require oxygen

answer

38 does

question

Which major metabolic product is produced under anaerobic conditions by muscle cells during intense exercise

answer

Lactate

question

The electron-carrier molecules that are used in electron-transport chain to generate additional ATP are

answer

NADH and FADH2

question

NADH is produced

answer

from the reduction of NAD

question

Besides ATP the end products of aerobic respiration are

answer

carbon dioxide water

question

At the end of aerobic respiration all six carbon atoms from the glucose molecule are

answer

found in carbon dioxide molecules

question

Excess glucose in the body following a meal can be stored in the liver as this is for use in the near future:

answer

Glycogen

question

These events occur during the reactions of the citric acid cycle except: a. ATP production b. NADH and FADH2 production c. Carbon dioxide formation d. Water molecule formation

answer

d water molecule formation

question

This energy-requiring process forms larger molecules by joining together smaller molecules

answer

Anabolism

question

During vigorous exercise, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to

answer

lactate

question

The process by which amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose is called

answer

Gluconeogenesis

question

The energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as

answer

ADP

question

How many total ATP are made from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O

answer

38

question

The 6-carbon molecule that is formed by the addition of acytyl CoA to ocaloacetate is

answer

Citrate

question

Amino acid carbon skeletons can be used to synthesize ________ or ________

answer

Ketones or Glucose

question

The main site for gluconeogenesis is

answer

The liver

question

Gluconeogenesis is the

answer

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

question

The carbohydrate storage polysaccharide made by animals is

answer

Glycogen

question

What are the storage polymers

answer

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

question

A person who is lactose intolerant is deficient in which enzyme's activity?

answer

Lactase

question

what do amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose all have in common?

answer

starches

question

What condition is required in the cell for pyruvate to be converted to acetyl CoA

answer

aerobic

question

How many CO2 molecules are released during one round of the Citric Acid Cycle?

answer

2

question

Which metabolic step is irreversible? What consequence does that have for gluconeogenesis?

answer

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - less efficient

question

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

answer

cytoplasm

question

Where in the cell does the TCA cycle occur?

answer

matrix of the mitochondria

question

What are Eicosanoids

answer

signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids. They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system. They are derived from either Omega 6 or 3 Fatty acids.

question

What is a buffer?

answer

A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add acid or base to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly. Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change the pH of a buffer.

question

What are the phases of detoxification? What enzymes are used?

answer

PhaseI:Functionalization • Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them • Oxidation • Reduction • Hydrolysis • Hydration • PhaseII:Conjugation • active secondary metabolite with • Glucuronic acid • Sulphuric acid • Glutathione • Followed by excretion in bile or urine.

question

What is the primary organ site for detoxification?

answer

Liver

question

Central principle/dogma of molecular biology:

answer

genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein Amino acids can't do anything without template from DNA DNA replicates its information (via many enzymes): REPLICATION DNA codes for mRNA during transcription : TRANSCRIPTION mRNA processed into proteins : TRANSLATION

question

RNA can turn back into

answer

DNA via Reverse Transcription

question

Difference between RNA and DNA

answer

The hydroxy group on 2 prime carbon indicates RNA.

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