question

What is the primary purpose of the Mental Status Exam? (MSE)

answer

To evaluate current cognitive processes

question

What is an MSE?

answer

Mental Status Exam- a method of organizing and evaluating clinical observation pertaining to mental status or mental condition

question

How many generic domians are in the Mental Status Exam? (MSE)

answer

Nine

question

What are the nine domians in the MSE?

answer

1- Appearance 2- Behavior and Psycho motor Activity 3- Attitude Towards interviewer 4- Affect and Mood 5- Speech and Thought 6- Perceptual Differences 7- Orientation and Consciousness 8- Memory and Intelligence 9- Reliability, Judgement, and Insight

question

What is mood?

answer

A clients initial, subjective, verbal, self-report of their prevailing emotional state

question

What is affect?

answer

The visible moment to moment emotional tone observed by the examiner.

question

What is the difference between mood and affect?

answer

Affect is current tone and mood is overall day to day. Affect would be weather; mood would be climate for the season.

question

What are thought process descriptors?

answer

blocking, circumstantiality, clang associations, flight of ideas, loose associations, neologisms, preservation, tangential speech, word salad.

question

Thought process for clients during an MSE are often:

answer

Disorganized, organized, or word salad. Is described using thought process descriptors.

question

When do you use a Mental Status Exam? (5)

answer

1- Client psychopathology increases 2- Questions about diagnosis or client psychopathology 3- Concern of homicide and suicide 4- Interviewing a client for the first time/ New client is entering the facility 5- Status of client changes

question

Is the Mental Status Exam appropriate for all clients?

answer

No.

question

What is a paradigm?

answer

A model or perspective (in science) used to explain events.

question

What is the purpose of a paradigm(model)?

answer

Spells out basic assumptions, gives order to the field under study and sets guidelines for investigation.

question

How do paradigms used by investigators?

answer

Paradigms influence what investigators ask, the information they seek, and how they interpret the information.

question

How are mental disorders related to the endocrine system?

answer

Mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity in the endocrine system.

question

What is the role of the endocrine system in normal behavior?

answer

Regulates hormones. Endocrine galnds release hormones which propel the body organs into action.

question

What have abnormal secretions in the endocrine systems been linked to?

answer

Psychological Disorders

question

What did Freud use to explain normal to abnormal functioning?

answer

The psychodynamic model; the roles of the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO

question

What are the three unconscious forces coined by Freud?

answer

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

question

What is the ID guided by?

answer

The pleasure principle ; instinctual needs, drives, and impulses.

question

Which unconscious force in the psychodynamic model is sexual and fueled by libido or sexual energy?

answer

ID

question

What principle is the EGO guided by?

answer

The reality principle

question

Seeks gratification but guides us to know when we can and cannot express our wishes

answer

EGO

question

Which unconscious force is a defense mechanism to protect us from anxiety in the psychodynamic model?

answer

EGO

question

What principle is the SUPER EGO guided by?

answer

The morality principle

question

Our Conscience - Adapted from our parents

answer

SUPER EGO

question

What three parts of the personalty are said to often be in some degree of conflict? (psychodynamic model)

answer

ID, EGO, SUPER EGO

question

According to the psychodynamic model, when does one have a healthy personality?

answer

When there is an effective working relationship among the ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO

question

According to the psychodynamic model, when may a person's behavior show signs of dysfunction?

answer

When the Id, EGO, and SUPER EGO are in excessive conflict.

question

What is based on the belief that a person's behavior (whether normal or abnormal) is determined largely by underlying dynamic psychological factors of which he or she may not be consciously aware?

answer

The Psychodynamic Model

question

Which model states that abnormal symptoms in a person is due to a conflict among unconscious factors?

answer

The Psychodynamic Model

question

What are the seven psychodynamic defense mechanisms?

answer

1. Repression 2.Denial 3. Projection 4. Rationalization 5. Displacement 6. Intellectualization 7. Regression

question

How do behaviorists explain abnormal functioning?

answer

Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning

question

Humans and animals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of receiving rewards or consequences whenever they do so

answer

Operant Conditioning

question

What is learning by Temporal Association?

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become fused in a person's mind; before long, the person responds in the same way to both events

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

What type of treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to a particular stimuli?

answer

Classical Conditioning Treatments

question

What explains many familiar behaviors, both normal and abnormal?

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

Is systematic desensitization used in behavior therapies?

answer

Yes

question

What type of conditioning is Systematic Desensitization?

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

What uses a step by step procedure?

answer

Systematic Desensitization

question

Three steps in Systematic Desensitization

answer

1. Learn relaxation skills 2. Construct a Fear Hierarchy 3.Confront Feared Situations

question

People can overcome their problems by developing new, more functional ways of thinking is using what type of technique?

answer

Cognitive Therapy Technique

question

What is the main model used in Cognitive Therapy?

answer

Becks's Cognitive Therapy

question

What is the goal of Beck's cognitive therapy?

answer

To help clients recognize and restructure their negative automatic thoughts

question

How do therapists guide clients in Beck's Cognitive Therapy Model?

answer

To challenge their dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and apply new ways of thinking in their everyday lives

question

What type of therapy is widely used in treating depression?

answer

Beck's Cognitive Therapy; Cognitive Therapy Techniques

question

The terms enmeshed families and disengaged family dynamics comes from which theory?

answer

Family- Social Theory on Abnormal Functioning

question

Abnormal functioning within a family leads to abnormal behavior

answer

Family Social Theory on Abnormal Functioning

question

Enmeshed Families

answer

A structure in which the members are grossly over involved in one and another's activities, thoughts, and feelings.

question

Disengaged Structures

answer

Structure marked by rigid boundaries between members

question

What is the concept of the biopsychosocial perspective and integrated approaches?

answer

Taking strengths from each model and using them in combination in explanation of abnormal behavior

question

Favored by a growing number of clinicians in explaining abnormal behavior by more than one cause

answer

Biopsychosocial Perspective; Biopsychosocial Theories

question

Fear

answer

A state of immediate alarm in response to a serious, known threat to one's well being.

question

An emotional reaction to an actual threat

answer

Fear

question

Anxiety

answer

A state of alarm in response to a vague sense of danger

question

Do Fear and Anxiety have the same physiological features?

answer

Yes

question

What do Fear and Anxiety prepare us for?

answer

Fight, Flight, or Freeze

question

What are the Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), according to the DSM 5? (A-F)

answer

A. Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry. C. Anxiety and Worry are associated with 3 out or more out of 6 symptoms D. Anxiety, worry, and physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning E. Disturbance not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. F. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

question

What are the six symptoms listed under section C. in the diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

answer

1. Restlessness or feeling on edge 2. Being easily fatigued 3. Difficulty Concentrating or mind going blank 4. Irritability 5. Muscle Tension 6. Sleep Disturbance

question

What are the diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia, according to the DSM 5? (A-I)

answer

A. Marked fear or anxiety about two (or more) of the following five situations B. The individual fears or avoids these situations because of thoughts that escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic-like symptoms. C. The agoraphobic situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety. D. The agoraphobic situations are actively avoided, require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety. E. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the agoraphobic situations and to the sociocultural context. F. The fear, anxiety, and avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more. G. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. H. If another medical condition is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly excessive. I. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder.

question

What are the five situations listed under section A in the diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia?

answer

1. Using public transportation 2.Being in open spaces (parking lots, marketplaces, bridges). 3. Being in closed spaces (shops, malls, theaters). 4. Standing in line or being in a crowd 5. Being outside of home alone

question

Is a panic attack a mental disorder?

answer

No. They can occur in the context of a mental disorder.

question

What are (13) symptoms that may be presented when identifying a panic attack?

answer

1. Heart Palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart race. 2. Sweating 3. Trembling or shaking 4. Sensations of shortness of breathe or smothering. 5. Feelings of choking 6. Chest pain or discomfort 7. Nausea or abdominal distress 8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light headed or faint 9.Chills or heat sensations 10. Paresthesias ( numbness or tingling) 11. Derealization or depersonalization 12. Fear of losing control or going crazy 13. Fear of dying

question

What is the diagnostic criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, according to the DSM 5? (A-D)

answer

A. Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others. B. At some point during the course of the disorder, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors ( mirror checking) or mental acts (comparing with others). C. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual whose symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.

question

True or False: Most individuals with one anxiety disorder also suffer from a second disorder

answer

True

question

What do many individuals with an anxiety disorder also experience?

answer

Depression

question

True or False: There is a comorbity of anxiety disorders and other mental disorders.

answer

True

question

What is the Humanistic Perspective on Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

answer

Generalized Anxiety Disorder arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly; denial of true thoughts, emotions and behaviors make those anxious.

question

Who coined "unconditional positive regard" and "conditions of worth" ?

answer

Carl Rodgers

question

Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard are in which perspective?

answer

The Humanistic Perspective

question

Conditions of worth

answer

Harsh self standards; people feel they need to be met in order to earn an individuals positive regard

question

Lack of "unconditional positive regard" in childhood is said to lead to

answer

Conditions of Worth

question

An approach where practitioners show unconditional positive regard for their clients and try to emphasize with them

answer

Client Centered Approach - The Humanistic Perspective

question

Unconditional Positive Regard

answer

Basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does

question

Traumatic Event

answer

An event where a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation.

question

Triggers of Trauma Related Disorders- Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Dissociative Disorders

answer

1. Stress 2. Fear 3. Traumatic Event 4.Low Income 5. Higher Ratio for women to men 2:1 6. Can occur at any age and affect all aspects of life 7. Disasters 8. Combat Disorders 9. Victimization

question

What can occur at any age and affect all aspects of life?

answer

Trauma related Disorder

question

Trait Anxiety

answer

A person's general level of anxiety that they bring to the events in their lives.

question

State Anxiety

answer

The difference in an individuals sense of situations that are threatening.

question

Walking in the woods in can be fearful in some moments, but not others, is an example of?

answer

State Anxiety

question

What is the diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), according to the DSM 5? ( A-E).

answer

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in one or more of the following ways.. B. Presence of nine or more of the following symptoms from any of the five categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening after traumatic events occurred.. C. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in B) is three days to one month after exposure. D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder.

question

What are the five categories listed in Diagnostic Criteria B for Acute Stress Disorder that may have the presence of any nine symptoms, beginning or worsening after the traumatic event occurred?

answer

1. Intrusion 2. Negative Mood 3. Dissociation 4. Avoidance 5. Arousal

question

What are the four scenarios provided under Section A for both the Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

answer

1. Directly experiencing the traumatic events. 2. Witnessing in person, the events as it occurred to others. 3. Learning that the events occurred to a close family member or close friend 4. Experiencing related or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events (EX- first responders collecting remains).

question

What are the 14 symptoms listed under the Diagnostic Criteria for Section B in Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)?

answer

1. Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event. 2.Recurrecnt distressing dreams which the content and/or affect of the dream are related to the event. 3.Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic events were reoccurring. 4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in response to internal or external cues that symbolize to resemble the traumatic events. 5. Persistent ability to experience positive emotions 6. An altered sense of the reality of one's surroundings or oneself from another perspective. 7. Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event. 8. Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, of feelings closely associated with traumatic events. 9. Efforts to avoid external reminders that arouse distressing memories thoughts or feelings about or closely related to the traumatic event. 10. Sleep disturbance 11. Irritable behavior and angry outburst 12.Hypervigilence 13. Problems with concentrations 14. Exaggerated Startle Response

question

What is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), according to the DSM 5? (A-H).

answer

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the following ways.. B. Prescence of one (or more) of the following intrusion symptoms associated with the traumatic events C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event. D. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic events (two or more of the following) E. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic events (two or more of the following) F. Duration of the disturbance (Criteria B, C, D, E) is more than one month. G. The disturbances cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning H. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.

question

What is the most common type of Dissociative Amnesia?

answer

Localized Dissociative Amnesia

question

Localized Dissociative Amnesia

answer

Loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited person, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurrence

question

What did the research find on the brain response patterns and those with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

answer

Variations in brain activity were shown, which would be found in a variety of people.

question

Can different personalities be faked when conducting electroencephalograph of brain activity in those with DID?

answer

No.

question

1. Hold extremely negative views of themselves 2. Blames themselves for unfortunate events 3. Pessimistic 4. Experience helplessness and hopelessness 5. Feel confused, distracted, and unable to solve small problems

answer

Cognitive symptoms of Depression

question

1. Less active, Less Productive 2. Spends more time alone 3. May speak and move more slowly

answer

Behavioral Symptoms of Depression

question

1. Headache, Indigestion, Dizzy spells, General Pain 2.Disturbances in sleep and appetite

answer

Physical Symptoms of Depression

question

1. Feeling miserable, empty, humiliated 2. Anhedonia

answer

Emotional Symptoms of Depression

question

Anhedonia

answer

Inability to experience pleasure

question

1. Lacking drive, initiative, spontaneity 2. Between 6% and 15% of those with severe depression die by sucide

answer

Motivational Symptoms of Depression

question

Which theory supports the relationship between the number of rewards received and the presence or absence of depression?

answer

Behavioral Theory of Depression

question

What does the Behavioral Theory of Depression state?

answer

Depression results from changes in rewards and punishments people receive in their lives

question

True or False: Depressed people have fewer social rewards than non depressed people.

answer

True

question

Low Serotonin + Low Norepinephrine

answer

Depression

question

Low Serotonin + High Norepinephrine

answer

Mania

question

What are the percentages for the biological predisposition for BiPolar in twins, close relatives, and the general population?

answer

Twins- 40% Fraternal/Siblings- 5% to 10& General Population - 1% - 2.6%

question

For a diagnosis of Bipolar I one must also meet the criteria for what?

answer

A Manic Episode

question

What is are the two important difference between hypomanic episode and a manic episode?

answer

Hypomania usually isn't severe enough to cause problems with the person working or socializing with others, or to require hospitalization; and there are never any psychotic features present during the episode.

question

Time of manic episode vesus hypomanic episode

answer

Manic episode is a week or longer; hypomanic is lasting four days.

question

Which disorder requires at least one Manic Episode?

answer

Bi Polar I

question

Does not involve having at least one manic episode, rather having a hypomanic episode.

answer

Bi Polar II

question

True or False: Bipolar II goes manic

answer

False

question

Which type of Bipolar only has depressive episodes?

answer

Bipolar II

question

Which type of Bi Polar disorder is more common?

answer

Bi Polar I

question

Cyclothymia

answer

Never fully reach mania or depression

question

Roughly how many of those with depression receive treatment from a mental health professional?

answer

Half

question

What are three steps in treating Depression though a Behavioral Persepective?

answer

1. Reintroduce depressed clients to pleasurable activities and events often using a weekly schedule. 2. Reintroduce their depressive and non depressive behaviors. 3. Help them improve their social skills

question

What percentage of clients in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy show a near- total elimination of symptoms in treating depression?

answer

50% to 60%

question

What is of a great importance when working with potentially suicidal clients?

answer

Developing a positive working alliance

question

Sucide Attempts occur more frequenctly than what?

answer

Completed Suicides

question

When speaking of PTSD and Suicide, in a study of 200 outpatients, child sexual abuse was a better predictor for what?

answer

Suicidality over Depression

question

"One of the most reliable and potential predictors of future suicide ideation, attempts, and death by suicide across a lifespan"

answer

Suicide Attempts

question

What is the Gold standard for testing for suicide?

answer

Suicide Assessment interview

question

What is the contingency management approach?

answer

Systematically ignoring a clients depressive behaviors while praising or rewarding constructive behaviors

question

When is the Contingency Management Approach used?

answer

In the Behavioral Approach to Treating Depression

question

What is Beck's cognitive therapy desgned for?

answer

To help clients recognize and change their negative cognitive processes.

question

How many phases are in Beck's Cognitive Therapy?

answer

Four Phases

question

What are the four Phases of Beck's Cognitive Therapy?

answer

1. Increasing Activities and elevating mood 2. Challenging automatic thoughts 3 .Identifying negative thoughts and biases 4. Changing primary attitudes.

question

What does ECT cause to treat depression?

answer

Brain Seizures

question

How effective is ECT at treating Depression?

answer

60% - 80% effective treatment

question

What is the Gold standard for treating Unipolar Depression?

answer

Combination Thearpy - Psychothearpy and Drug Therapy

question

What is the gold standard for treating Mania?

answer

Lithium

question

When suicide occurs from a distance or in close proximity (locally), it effects people so profoundly that suicide rates increase

answer

Suicide Contagion

question

Which individuals are especially vulnerable to suicide contagion?

answer

Those with a previous history of depression

question

Preoccupation in relation to suicide

answer

When clients are mentally consumed by negative thoughts, usually thoughts about worthlessness or guilt.

question

SLAP Acronym for Assessing Suicide Plans

answer

Specificity of the Plan Lethality of Method Availability of Proposed Method Proximity of social or helping resources

question

What does Specificity of Plan mean in the SLAP Acronym?

answer

The details of a clients suicide plan.

question

What does Lethality of Method mean in the SLAP Acronym?

answer

Refers to how quickly a suicide plan can result in death

question

What does Availability of Proposed Method mean in the SLAP Acronym?

answer

Refers to the availability of the mean

question

What does proximity mean in the SLAP Acronym?

answer

The proximity of social support for the client

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