Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1, Quiz #1 – Flashcards
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Abnormal Psychology
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Area of study that attempts to describe, explain, predict, and modify behaviors that are strange or unusual
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Psychodiagnosis
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-Attempt to describe, assess, and systematically draw inferences about an individuals psychological d/o -consult diagnostic manual, such as DSM
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Etiology
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Origin of a psychological d/o (genetic, social, something with the brain)
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Four major factors in judging psychopathology
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The four D's: Distress, Deviance, Dysfunction, Dangerousness
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Distress
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-persistent negative, unpleasant emotions -recurrent "crisis" situations (extreme distress) -may surface psychologically or physically- asthma, hypertension, etc.
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Deviance
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-Experience is unusual, especially in context of one's culture -people in diff cultures consider certain behaviors acceptable/unacceptable -disorientation, hallucination, delusions
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Dangerousness
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-Danger to oneself or others (usually easy to determine)
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Dysfunction*
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-impairment in fulfilling roles -obvious difficulty in cognition, emotion, behavior -compare performance to potential
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Psychopathology
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-Another term for abnormal behavior and the scientific study of it - the result of many factors
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Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
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- Earn a Ph.D. in their field - May be involved with practice, research, teaching, or a combo
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Doctor of Psychology
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-Psy.D. -Typically involved more in practice -Not as involved in academics
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Psychiatrists
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-Get their M.D. -Can prescribe meds
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Scientist-Practitioner
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-Mental health professional that strongly values research
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Cultural Universality
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-traditional view of abnormal psych -Idea all cultures share same set of possible pscyh d/o -more limited view -few professionals take extreme of either but lean toward one or other
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Cultural Relativism
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Lifestyle, values, and world views of a culture affect how d/o are experienced and expressed
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Culture
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-plays important role in conceptualizing what is abnormal or d/o. -DSM used worldwide but people can exp diff kinds of abnormal behavior -treatment and diagnosis differ based on culture
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Prevalence
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The percentage of people in a population who have a particular d/o during a specific period of time
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Incidence
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number of new cases of a d/o that appear in an identified population within a specific time period
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Onset
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- age a disorder manifests itself -Acute vs. insidious
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Acute onset
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sudden/rapid -ex: anxiety d/o or panic d/o
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Insidious onset
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gradual -ex: schizophrenia develop signs over the years
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Course
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-what does the d/o look like over time -what pattern does the d/o follow -episodic, chronic, time-limited
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Episodic
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-experienced intermittently -time to time can have spikes of severity ex:depression
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Time-Limited
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- the disorder disappears over time
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Prognosis
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-What a person can expect in the future and the likelihood of them to function well in the long term -excellent, good, poor
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Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs
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-Abnormal behavior due to evil spirits that inhabited or controlled ones body -possession, sorcery, or offending an ancestral spirit -trephining
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Trephining
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In prehistoric times, holes were drilled in ones skull to release the possession of ones body that caused abnormal behavior
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Greco-Roman Beliefs
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-away from the supernatural -bodily "humors" and heredity -Rational and scientific explanations of abnormality -Hippocrate focus on organic view and brain pathology
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Hippocrates
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-Greco roman era - abnormal behavior was organic or biological and was due to causes such as dysfunction or disease of the brain(brain pathology) -3 cat. of d/o (mania, melancholia, phrenitis-brainfever)
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Middle Ages
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-return to supernatural -religion was predominant- abnormal behavior rooted in religious belief -Evil over good- evil overcoming the world -"lunacy"- moon and stars influence behavior -major focus on witchcraft to explain abnormality
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Paracelsus
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-swiss physician -maybe the moon has something to do w/ abnormal behavior
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Salem Witch Trials
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-Salem, Massachusetts(1962) -young girls targeted as witches b/c of abnormal behavior -people accused confessed so they didnt have to be tortured
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The Renaissance
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-Return to scientific thought -Humanism, compassion, "moral therapy"
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Humanism
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-philosophical movement that emphasizes human welfare, safety, compassion, and uniqueness of individuals -increased interest in cause of ab. behavior
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Moral Therapy
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When someone is having a problem, recognizing that they may need compassion or someone to talk to
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Phillippe Pinel
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Instituted the moral treatment movement, shift to more humane movement of people with mental illness
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20th century
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- continued reform and use of science to explain origin of abnormal behavior -Clinical psych, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, "cognitive revolution" -psychiatry (use of pharmacology and therapy)
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Freud
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-Psychoanalysis -behavior from the unconscious
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Behaviorists
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-scientific approach -observable behavior
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Cognitive Revolution
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Thought processes play role in human functioning
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Contemporary Abnormal Psych
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-Focus on multiculturalism - Rise of positive psych -Change in therapeutic landscape ( drug revolution of 1950's forward, managed care, research) -More integrative approach to understand risk and resilience
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Positive Psychology
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-Branch of psych that studies positive human qualities and how they build thriving people, communities, and families -prevention -Strengths and resilience should be part of assessment
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Drug Revolution of 1950s
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-Thorazine and schizophrenia, before 1950s did not know much about how to handle schizophrenia -deinstitutionalization -revived belief in biological basis of d/o
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Managed care
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-Influences clinical psychology -can makes specific rules that clinician has to follow -insurance controls who receives service, what they receive, and how many sessions
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Multicultural Psychology
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Stresses the importance of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic class, and other similar factors to understand/ treat abnormal behavior
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Multipath Model
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-Applies to understanding etiology of mental disorders -Bio, pysch, social, sociocultural dimensions
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Resilience Model
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Strengths, assets and protective factors that help maximize mental health and allow individuals to bounce back from trauma and stressful life events
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Describing Abnormal Behavior
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Through observation, assessment and diagnosis
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Explaining Abnormal Behavior
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-Why is a person like this? -What is the etiology? -Where does abnormal behavior come from?
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Predicting Abnormal Behavior
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Research gives clues to if there are any red flags a person may exhibit abnormal behavior, or that it may become more severe
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Modifying Abnormal Behavior
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Through therapy, sometimes hospitalization, and with pscyhopharmacology
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Therapy
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A program of intervention designed to improve ones behavioral, emotional, or cognitive state
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MFT
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- type of Masters level counselor -focus on marriage/family dynamics
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Psychiatric Social worker
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-usually masters - counseling/intakes/work with other agencies
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School Psychologist
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-Masters or doctorate -work in school setting
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Disorientation
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Confusion about person/place/time
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Hallucination
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false sensory perceptions
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Delusions
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False beliefs that have no evidence to support them
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Delusion of grandeur
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person has exalted stats ex: like Jesus Christ
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Delusions of persecution
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one is being controlled or victimized
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Culture
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Shared learned behavior that is transmitted from one generation to the other by members of a group -not synonymous with race or ethnicity -affects how one defines normal/abnormal behavior
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Szaz
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- people have "problems in living" not mental illness -mental illness is myth designed to control people -abnormal behaviors labeled because they are diff, not because it has to do with illness -unusual beliefs not necessarily wrong -abnormal behavior may indicated something wrong with society
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Psychiatric Epidemiology
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study of prevalence of mental illness
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Demonology
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-prehistoric belief system -abnormal behavior stems from possession by an offended spirit and victim is somewhat responsible
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Galen
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-posited 4 humors of body -codified medical terminology from Hippocrates to his own time -furthered understanding of brain & nervous system
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Mass Madness
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-"group hysteria" -many people have similar symptoms and no apparent physical cause -tarantism- mania caused by jumping, raving, dancing, convulsing
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Biological Viewpoint
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- notion that mental d/o have biological causes -Griesinger: all mental d/o had physical cause -Kraeplin: DSM based off his book
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Psychological Viewpoint
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- Not all d/o have a physical basis some caused by emotional or psychological factors -Mesmer and hypnosis- symptoms abated in trance -Breuer and cathartic method
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Cathartic Method
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-Breuer -patients verbally express pent-up emotional conflict -relieved from symptoms in a trance
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4 domains for importance of culture
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-social conditioning -cultural values and influence -sociopolitical influences -cultural and ethnic bias
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Social conditioning
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Brought up to perceive certain roles and values due to our culture
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Cultural Values and Influence
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-Traditions of cultures may influence susceptibility to d/o -ex: in some cultures importance is placed on physical symptoms (idea is when physical symp are treated, emotion relief follows)
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Sociopolitical influence
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-some abnormal behaviors are response of some cultures to a history of discrimination or oppression ex: african americans coming across as suspicious-shouldnt be pathological because their culture has good reason to be suspicious of those who have historically oppressed them
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Cultural and Ethnic bias
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-groups are overpathologized (latino, african american, women)
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Optimal Human Functioning
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refers to subjective well-being, happiness, optimism, and resilience
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Change in Therapeutic Landscape
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-drug revolution -psychologist to prescribe -managed health care - appreciation for research
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Mental health problems
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-high cost and burden -25% of adults have diagnosable d/o in a year -2/3 do not seek help
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Johann Weyer
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-1563 -published a book suggesting that individuals persecuted as witches may be mentally disturbed, not possessed by demons
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Tuke
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established a pleasant county estate at York for mental patients in England
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Dorthea Dix
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raised millions to establish more than 30 mental hospitals and improved the conditions in many places
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Beers
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book about his own mental collapse and the conditions he was subject to during treatment
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Mental health professional should consider
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1. being sensitive about cultural issues 2. acquiring knowledge about diff cultures 3. developing culturally relevant therapy
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Plato
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Believed that people who were mentally ill were the responsibility of their family and should not be punished
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Rush
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-Father of US psychiatry -introduce more humane treatments -respect and dignity to patients and that they should work while hospitalized
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Syndromes
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-Kraeplin -certain symptoms that tend to occur regularly in clusters
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spirituality
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animating life force or energy of human condition that is broader but inclusive of religion
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3 levels of positive psych & OHF
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1. general feelings of well being happiness optimism and resilience 2.individual level of positive traits such as resilience, courage, and spirituality 3. group level of civic values and institutions
